INDEX 1. GSM Architecture……………………………………………… 2 2. The Cellular System ....…………………………………………. 7 3. Air Interface ...………………………………………………….. 10 4. Signaling Concepts…..…………………………………………. 17 5. Functions And Services of GSM ………….…………………… 30 6. Frequency Hopping……..…………………………………….. 39 7. GSM Identities……..………………………………………….. . 45 8. Traffic Cases……………………………………………………. 50 9. The GSM Transmission Process………………………………. 65 10. E1……………………………………………………………… 70 11. Transmission...…………………………………………………
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Discuss the significance of the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic State on the formation of nation states in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The French revolution was an event of epic proportions. At the outset‚ alike the English Civil Wars‚ an autocratic monarch (Louis XVI) summoned Parliament‚ in France Estates General‚ in order to demand funds and prerogatives. The outcome became very similar to the English Civil Wars; the Third Estate rebelled (in England it was Parliament
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Characteristics of Greek Architecture:- INTRODUCTION:- Instead of covering nearly every bit of space with ornament‚ as the Egyptians did‚ the Greeks selected only the best places for it‚ and thus gave it its proper effect. The decorations‚ especially the sculptures‚ were one of the chief features of a Greek temple. Besides their temples the Greeks built many theaters which may be studied from their ruins‚ but of their dwelling-houses almost nothing remains to us. The Greek style is noted for
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Introduction Both concrete and arches had a huge part to play in the culture of Rome’s architecture‚ these new innovations were what gave the Romans the ability to make interior spaces which were not able to happen before. Even though they were not exactly new creations‚ we will see how Rome’s modification or upgrade made a huge impact on architectural designs and aesthetical designs. The Arch The arch was basically a structure in a sort of curved shape. The materials used to create the arch consisted
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Early Christian Architecture We have spoken of how one style of architecture develops from another‚ and we are now to look briefly at a form which is chiefly important as being a link in the chain of styles. There are not many important buildings of the Early Christian style. It came into being at a time when not much building was going on that is‚ during the early centuries of Christianity‚ and what good examples there are‚ are nearly all churches. During the first three centuries of the Christian
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Arch 8011 Research Methods 2013 Jonathan Jordan‚ 1361176 ARCHITECTURE: WORDS OR SHAPES Introduction Architecture can be viewed with two different types of properties. Properties that can be seen like shapes‚ their composition‚ the spaces they create and‚ the colours and textures that make up their appearance. These properties are considered to be visual while other properties are considered to be abstract
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Neo-Classical Architecture and its Foundations Classical architecture is something that almost anyone can appreciate because there are traces of it everywhere. Greek and Roman cultures have had a major influence on today’s architecture but it all stems from the classical architecture that was created centuries ago. The present example is Neoclassical Architecture which first appeared in 18th century France and in America‚ it was promoted by the legendary Thomas Jefferson as the Federal style
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Romanesque After the decline of the Roman Empire‚ the building of large churches in Western Europe gradually gained momentum with the spread of organized monasticism under the rule of Saint Benedict and others. A huge monastery at Cluny‚ only a fraction of which still exists‚ was built using a simplified Roman style‚ stout columns‚ thick walls‚ small window openings and semi-circular arches. The style spread with monasticism throughout Europe. The technique of building high vaults in masonry was
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Renaissance architecture is split into three periods: Early Renaissance (ca. 1400-1500)‚ High Renaissance (ca. 1500-1525)‚ and Late Renaissance (ca.1525-1600). Renaissance architects moved away from the intricacy and verticality of the Gothic architecture style in favor of the simplicity and balanced proportions of classicism. The classical orders were revived‚ including rounded arches and domes; this was done through observation of Roman ruins and study of the treatise Ten Books on Architecture‚ written
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Architecture is about impressing self and others. Perhaps the main goal of an architect is to influence individuals and societies by her artistic passion and ideas. Therefore the judgments of individuals have centric roles in architecture. However the criteria of these judgments have been changed through the time‚ locations‚ and societies. One of these criteria is indeed the sense of beauty and aesthetics of art and architecture. Since the emergence of human civilisation and communities the human
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