| Lithosphere | Ecology (NASC 1093) | | The Lithosphere * The lithosphere is the hard shell of the Earth‚ consisting of the crust and the topmost part of the upper mantle. * It is a relatively thin layer‚ about 31 to 62 miles (50 to 100 km) thick under the oceans and 93 miles (150 km) thick on the continents. * It contains the minerals‚ rocks and soils that humans have used for building materials‚ metals and agriculture. * This layer is composed of the upper crust‚ about 3 miles
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geological structure of the Earth. The earth’s crust is made up of seven major plates and a number of minor plates. The plates move because of the convection currents in the mantle caused by temperature differences within the mantle‚ leading to volcanoes and earthquakes‚ the world’s major geophysical hazards. The movement of plates due to convection currents results in a variety of types of plate boundary‚ each of which gives rise to particular types of hazards. Constructive boundaries occur where
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crust-being closer to the mantle (heat)- burns up through the continental crust‚ causing volcanoes. A- Diverging plate boundaries- moving apart‚ it can happen between continental or oceanic crust. The crust moves apart‚ which forms new oceanic crust‚ therefore making it young. Volcanoes are formed‚ but there is no grinding against plates‚ thus no earthquakes. B- Converging plate margins- earthquakes and volcanoes. The plates coming together. Crusts move towards each other‚ continental crust is
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2 case studies for volcanoes‚ and 2 case studies for earthquakes. You ideally need to have one LEDC and one MEDC for each. You could use Iceland and Pinatubo for the volcanoes; and Haiti and Japan for the earthquakes These notes were copied from an AQA textbook. They contain EVERYTHING you need to know for the exam for the tectonics section. You WILL however‚ need to use your own case studies as these are not included. You will need 2 case studies for volcanoes‚ and 2 case studies
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Geologists classify volcanoes into three distinct groups: dormant‚ extinct‚ and active. Active volcanoes have erupted recently and are expected to continue to erupt again soon. The Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program defines an active volcano as having erupted within the last 10‚000 years. A volcano finally goes extinct when there’s no lava supply in the magma chamber beneath the volcano. There are approximately 1‚500 active volcanoes in the world today and 75 percent of them are located in the
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The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth Mantle • The Earth is made up of 3 main layers: Outer core Inner core – Core – Mantle – Crust Crust The Crust • This is where we live! • The Earth’s crust is made of: Continental Crust Oceanic Crust - thick (10-70km) - buoyant (less dense than oceanic crust) - mostly old - thin (~7 km) - dense (sinks under continental crust) - young How do we know what the Earth is made of? • Geophysical surveys: seismic‚ gravity‚
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What is a disaster? Disaster‚ in this article‚ a sudden‚ accidental event that causes many deaths and injuries. Most disasters also result in significant property damage. Common natural causes of disasters include earthquakes‚ floods‚ hurricanes and typhoons‚ and tornadoes. Tsunamis (popularly‚ but incorrectly‚ known as tidal waves)‚ volcanic eruptions‚ wildfires‚ and landslides and avalanches rank among the other natural forces that sometimes create disasters. Man made Not all disasters are
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Natural Disasters: An examination of the causes‚ effects‚ and options available to mitigate natural disasters‚ such as earthquakes‚ volcanic eruptions‚ landslides‚ subsidence‚ flooding‚ severe weather‚ and meteorite impacts. Natural Disaster Information: 1. Natural Disasters in General 2. Earthquakes 3. Volcanic Eruptions 4. Tsunami 5. Landslides 6. Floods 7. Weather Related Disasters 8. Meteorite Impacts NATURAL DISASTERS IN GENERAL: Natural disasters This being my senior
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first though up by a man named Albert Wegener in 1912 but the idea of moving continents was not taking seriously until the 1960. This study is called plate tectonics‚ and it helps explain the continental drift‚ the spreading of the seafloor‚ why volcanoes erupt and how mountains are formed. The mountain range that runs from the northern tip of Alaska to the southern tip of South America were formed by the buckling of crustal rocks that crash into the edge of North and South America. The land folds
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or the relief given or purely doing nothing. This will vary depending on the type of tectonic hazard. For this purpose a tectonic hazard is a physical occurrence resulting from the movement or deformation of the earth’s crust‚ this can be volcanoes‚ earthquakes or tsunamis. After researching this topic I found several useful sources. One of my ain sources is the Edexcel A2 Geography text book by Dunn et al‚ I found this to be very useful because it included factual relevant information which is very
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