generally used for high-voltage long distance transmission‚ because the cost is lower than underground cables‚ especially at higher voltages. In British practice‚ high voltage transmission lines carry voltages ranging from 66kv to 132kv‚ and extra high voltage lines carry voltages from 220kv to 380kv. In all cases the power is transmitted in the form of three-phase alternating current at 50cycles/sec‚ and the cost of an overhead line depends largely on conductor size and voltage [Cheesman‚ 2007].
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Supply comprises of an electronically regulated DC Power Supply and a square wave generator designed to operate Gunn oscillator and PIN modulator simultaneously. The DC voltage is variable from 0 to 10 volts. The frequency of square wave can be continuously varied from 800 to 1200 Hz. The front panel meter can read the Gunn voltage and the current drawn by the Gunn diode. The Power Supply is designed to protect Gunn diode from reverse
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Contents 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRICITY 1.1 Static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Conductors‚ insulators‚ and electron flow 1.3 Electric circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Voltage and current . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 Voltage and current in a
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• Bi‐Positional Switch • Voltage Port – where a capacitor is connected in parallel to Vin so that it cannot change instantaneously • Current Port – where an inductor is connected in series through which current cannot change instantaneously 4 Control by Pulse‐Width Modulation (PWM) qA + 1 idA d A Ts + iA 0 Tup Ts vA 0 Vin dA t Vin - vA - qA 1or 0 vA t • The power‐pole chops the input voltage into high‐frequency voltage pulses • Output is synthesized as the switching‐cycle‐average of these pulses
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and principles have changed little over the last one hundred years‚ yet transformer designs and materials continue to be improved. Transformers are essential in high voltage power transmission providing an economical means of transmitting power over large distances. The simplicity‚ reliability‚ and economy of conversion of voltages by transformers was the principal factor in the selection of alternating current power transmission in the "War of Currents" in the late 1880’s. In electronic circuitry
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Overall Cell Reaction | Observed Voltage | Theoretical Voltage | Cu2+(aq)+Zn(s) Cu(s)+Zn2+(aq) | 0.947 V | 1.10 V | Cu2+(aq)+Sn(s)Cu(s)+Sn2+(aq) | 0.571 V | 0.473 V | Cu2+(aq)+Fe(s) Cu(s)+Fe2+(aq) | 0.512 V | 0.777 V | Cu2+(aq)+Mg(s) Cu(s)+Mg2+(aq) | 1.598 V | 2.707 V | Cu2+(aq)+Pb(s) Cu(s)+Pb2+(aq) | 0.651 V | 0.463 V | Concentration Cell | Based on Cu2+ - Cu | Cell Reaction | | [Cu2+] anode | [Cu2+] cathode | Observed Voltage | Theoretical Voltage | 1.0 M | 1.0 M |
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surface-mount package D2PAK. Each of these components can sustain a blocking voltage of 120 volts and a continuous current of 30 amperes. A power MOSFET is a specific type of metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designed to handle significant power levels. Compared to the other power semiconductor devices‚ for example IGBT‚ Thyristor‚ its main advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages. It shares with the IGBT an isolated gate that makes it easy to drive
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resistance will also increase. This is because current is the flow of electrons in a circuit and voltage makes the electrons flow through the circuit. The electrons have to collide with the atoms in the wire‚ which makes the electrons harder to flow through the circuit. And there are more collisions between electrons and atoms‚ as the length of wire increases. The higher resistance means more voltage is needed to push the current through the wire. Variables: 1. Independent: The length of wire
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the different quantities to be measured and how it’s derived? * What are the different types of transformers? * What is the major source of energy loss in a transformer? * What are the uses of transformers? * Why do we employ high voltages? History of transformers: Transformer is based upon the theory of electromagnetic induction and Michael Faraday discovered that in 1831. In 1836 the first device‚ an induction coil‚ was invented. William Stanley‚ who designed the first commercial
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INTRODUCTION The control techniques of switching dc-dc converters can be generally divided into the following three ways. 1) Constant –frequency control ‚such as pulsewidth –modulation-based voltage-mode control and current- mode control 2) Variable-frequency control ‚such as output-voltage-ripple-based control like constant-on-time (COT) control or constant-off-time control 3) Hybrid control To improve the transient performance and to simplify the controller design of
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