第十届 杯翻译竞赛原文（英语组） Path Robert Macfarlane Humans are animals and like all animals we leave tracks as we walk: signs of passage made in snow‚ sand‚ mud‚ grass‚ dew‚ earth or moss. The language of hunting has a luminous word for such mark-making: ‘foil’. A creature’s ‘foil’ is its track. We easily forget that we are track-makers‚ though‚ because most of our journeys now occur on asphalt and concrete – and these are substances not easily impressed. ‘Always‚ everywhere‚ people have walked‚
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Fiedler’s Contingency Theory Proposed by the Austrian psychologist Fred Edward Fiedler (1922- ). The contingency model emphasizes the importance of both the leader’s personality and the situation in which that leader operates. A leader is the individual who is given the task of directing and coordinating task-relevant activities‚ or the one who carries the responsibility for performing these functions when there is no appointed leader. Fiedler relates the effectiveness of the leader to aspects
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Contingency Theories of Leadership Nelson Mandela‚ Margaret Thatcher‚ Martin Luther King and Mother Teresa are just few of the names that come to mind whenever we think of great leaders. They have a vision of what they want and have the ability to communicate their vision in order to gain the support and cooperation of their followers. Often we find it easy to identify great leaders yet it is difficult to explain the qualities that make them great. In comparison‚ Nelson Mandela and Margaret Thatcher
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Case 3: China‚ India‚ and Wal-Mart: Issues of Price‚ Quality‚ and Sourcing Introduction: Wal-Mart was the largest retailer in the United States and the largest corporation in the world because of the crusade‚ which meant all US products on the shelves by its creator‚ Sam Walton (Weiss‚ 2009‚ pp.471). However‚ after he died in 1992‚ crusade evaporated‚ instead of US products‚ 98% of all of shelves throughout Wal-Mart (Weiss‚ 2009‚ pp.471) are manufactured in China‚ Vietnam‚ South Korea‚ Taiwan and
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Fiedler Contingency Model The contingency theory allows for predicting the characteristics of the appropriate situations for effectiveness. Three situational components determine the favourableness of situational control: 1. Leader-Member Relations‚ referring to the degree of mutual trust‚ respect and confidence between the leader and the subordinates. To build a strong team‚ there should be a great relationship among the employee‚ manager and the general manager because it is the foundation
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that time. By the time we reach middle school not only have those goals changed but they are now completely opposite of the career path chosen in elementary school. At the high school level after having experienced working in different part-time jobs‚ we now know what career path we should not choose. Even at college level some still have not decided which career path to take. We all have natural talents‚ certain tasks that come easy to us. When we use our natural talents‚ time moves fast and we tend
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The Control function of management of Wal-Mart How do internal and external factors affect Control The external and internal factors affect the control function in business by simple change. External factors are forces that are outside the company such as customers‚ competitors‚ government‚ and economy. The internal factors or forces are those that consist of situations or events that occur inside the business and under the control of the company ( ). Control is one of the major functions
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deliver nutritious‚ tasty food for the communities they live in Business Contingency plan as be simply defined as identification and protection of critical business processes and resources and preparing a process to ensure to survival of the organization during a times of business disruption (Hiles‚ A.‚ 2007). In any well formulated Business contingency plan (BCP) there will be five integral parts which is layout in Business contingency plan of XYZ Bakery Supply for total facility lost due to a hurricane
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configurations considerations‚ available applications. The role of existing communication technologies in making IT an enabler of SCM is highlighted by addressing a range of different point and enterprise solutions in a variety of supply chain settings. Critical IT demonstrations and implementations in SCM are discussed. Fundamental changes have occurred in today ’s economy. These changes alter the relationship we have with our customers‚ our suppliers‚ our business partners and our colleagues. Reflection
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Gruber article 2007: Uncovering the value of planning in new venture creation: A process and contingency perspective The topic discussed in the article is whether business planning has positive impact on firm performances. The existing view on this topic is dichotomous. One group of scholars think planning is important for successful firm creation‚ another group disagrees strongly. Findings from strategy research conclude there are two dominant models of strategy formulation. One is a rational
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