Surname Centre Number Candidate Signature Other Names Candidate Number Leave blank General Certificate of Education June 2004 Advanced Level Examination BIOLOGY/HUMAN BIOLOGY (SPECIFICATION A) Unit 5 Inheritance‚ Evolution and Ecosystems Tuesday 22 June 2004 Morning Session No additional materials are required. You may use a calculator. BYA5 For Examiner’s Use Number 1 2 Mark Number Mark Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes Instructions • Use blue or black ink or ball-point pen. • Fill in the boxes
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Doctors generally use anticoagulant medications such as warfarin (Coumadin‚ Jantoven)‚ Heparin or low molecular weight heparin to treat those who develop blood clots. • Heparin: Works more quickly than warfarin does and it can be administered directly into a vein (intravenously) or under the skin (subcutaneously). You may inject yourself with some forms of heparin including enoxaparin and dalteparin. Heparin is safe to take during pregnancy. • Warfarin (Coumadin‚ Jantoven): This anticoagulant comes in
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with chronic conditions influencing dynamic blood flow such as central line related thrombosis or cardiac surgeries needing long-term anticoagulation therapy are being prescribed Warfarin. Warfarin is an agent that is commonly prescribed to prevent clot formation and extensions (Bauman‚ 2012). When prescribed warfarin physicians should advise the patient against taking any herbal preparations without permission. Several herbs and medications can have a cumulative effect with this particular drug
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education that I would want to be talking about are foods and OTC medications that the patient should try to be avoiding. I would also want to discuss the medication regimen with the patient. A topic that I would make sure to touch on is that the warfarin needs to be taken at the same time every day.
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Enoxacin decreases the hepatic clearance of the R-enantiomer of warfarin‚ but not the S-enantiomer; there was‚ however‚ little alteration in anticoagulant effect because R-warfarin has one-fifth the potency of S-warfarin in humans (772). Enoxacin does not affect the clearance of phenytoin (189). Summary(886) The pharmacokinetic properties of quinolones in combination with their activity in
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Approximately 2.2 million adults in the United States are affected by atrial fibrillation making it the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia (Ryder & Benjamin‚ 1999). Atrial fibrillation describes a condition where the electrical signals of the heart are conducted in a rapid and disorganized manner. This uncoordinated conduction causes the two upper chambers of the heart‚ the atria‚ to contract very fast and irregularly‚ thus allowing blood to pool in the two atria. Independent Risk Factors
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http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/controversies-in-treatment-approaches-gene-therapy-ivf-792 Historically‚ advances in science are typically made before society can conduct meaningful ethical and moral discussions about these advances. However‚ such discussions are crucial to setting policies that balance individual and public protections with the use of technology in medicine. The in vitro fertilization (IVF) "miracle" of the late 1970s occurred five years before the polymerase chain reaction
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COAGULATION AND THROMBI Haemostasis‚ the physiological response to vascular injury‚ results in the formation of a haemostatic plug that prevents blood loss. Under normal conditions‚ factors that promote blood coagulation are balanced by those that inhibit it. Pathologic thrombosis occurs when procoagulant stimuli overwhelm natural anticoagulant and fibrinolytic systems. Venous thrombi‚ which form under low shear conditions‚ are predominantly composed of fibrin and red cells. Thrombi may develop
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1. What are her risk factors for developing a VTE? (Identify all factors.) Her risk factors for VTE are her 72 years of age‚ diagnose of cholangiocarcinoma‚ her recent post proximal bile duct open laparotomy‚ extended right hepatectomy with portal vein resection and reconstruction‚ radical bile duct resection‚ hepaticojejunostomy and cholecystectomy surgery‚ gemcitabine therapy‚ pain and leg swelling x 2 weeks‚ 15-pound weight gain‚ difficulty with breathing‚ feeling weak‚ debilitated and multiple
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Freedman et al. (2016) discussed that from a meta-analysis of five studies‚ the researcher concluded that a vitamin K antagonist such as warfarin can reduce stroke by up to 64% and mortality by 26% when compared with a placebo. To be able to prevent stroke related to a-fib the first step is to complete a stroke risk stratification using assessment tool such as the CHA2DS2-VASc. The chad score can help determine if anticoagulation therapy is recommended base of risk factors such has any congestive
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