relevant of liability to third party. However‚ in this case‚ the liability is only established if there are physical harms of loss by third parties (not economic losses) Candler & Crane Chrismas (1951) is the next stage of development‚ where there is liability for financial loss if there is a contractual relationship‚ a fiduciary relationship or a fraud Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd vs Heller & Parties Ltd (1963) is a significant point of development‚ where there is starting to be a potential legal liability
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types of fraud have occurred since the 1800s. As the economy fluctuates‚ many people and organizations believe they must commit fraud in order to have financial gain. Organizations and individuals must understand fraud and the types of fraud‚ in order to protect themselves. There are professionals trained that have received anti-fraud certification in order to fight against fraud. The anti-fraud professional assist companies and individuals in order to detect fraud. Theses anti-fraud specialists
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risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent‚ uncertain loss. Insurance is defined as the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss‚ from one entity to another‚ in exchange for payment. An insurer is a company selling the insurance; an insured‚ or policyholder‚ is the person or entity buying the insurance policy. The insurance rate is a factor used to determine the amount to be charged for a certain amount of insurance coverage‚ called the premium. Risk management‚ the
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IABILITY 1 A THEORY OF VICARIOU S LIABILITY J.W . N EYERS * This article proposes a theory of vicarious liability which attempts to explain the central features and limitations of the doctrine. The main premise of the article is that the common law should continue to impose vicarious liability because it can co-exist with the current tort law regime that imposes liability for fault. The author lays out the central features of the doctrine of vicarious liability and examines why the leading rationales
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’Is it possible for auditors to achieve absolute independence and what regulations should be imposed to attain or maintain independence?’ Auditor independence requires auditors to take an unbiased viewpoint in the overall performance of the audit report‚ and therefore maintain the fundamental principles of integrity and objectivity. Auditor independence is possible‚ however it is quite hard to achieve as it requires auditors to meet all the guidelines set out by AASB and statutory requirements
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and Livent’s ability to gather capital needed to sustain its operation ‚ in the beginning of 1994 Drabinsky and Gottlieb directed Livent’s accounting staff to deliberately engage in manipulation of company’s books and
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more basic concepts in fraud deterrence and detection is the fraud triangle. The fraud triangle is also known as Cressey’s Triangle‚ or Cressey’s Fraud Triangle. Cressey’s Fraud Triangle gets its name from Donald Cressey. Cressey was one of the “nations leading experts on the sociology of crime”. He authored a few books including Other People’s Money‚ Theft of the Nation‚ and co-authored Principles of Criminology with Edwin H. Sutherland. Cressey is honored by many anti-fraud organizations‚ including
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topic of tax fraud. We will begin by introducing the basic concepts of tax fraud. Secondly‚ this paper will also delve into some of the laws that have been passed as punishment for those parties that decide to commit tax fraud. We will also highlight some of the more current examples of tax fraud that have been committed and the details that lead to the perpetrators being caught. Lastly we will discuss the role that criminal investigators have in the realm of tax fraud. Tax fraud can be stated
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lawsuits and litigation from everyone suing everyone else‚ one must ask the question "where does product liability end and consumer responsibility begin?" This question has been further complicated by occurrences that stretch to the most far-reaching ends of this spectrum‚ the spectrum ranging from strict product liability of the company to complete consumer responsibility. On the strict product liability of the company side‚ we have the cigarette industry where the CEOs of the largest cigarette companies
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| | |Financial Statement Fraud | |Navistar International Corporation | |
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