Theory X and Theory Y represent two sets of assumptions about human nature and human behavior that are relevant to the practice of management. Theory X represents a negative view of human nature that assumes individuals generally dislike work‚ are irresponsible‚ and require close supervision to do their jobs. Theory Y denotes a positive view of human nature and assumes individuals are generally industrious‚ creative‚ and able to assume responsibility and exercise self-control in their jobs. One would
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IMPACT OF TAX CONSIDERATION AND TRANSITORY EARNINGS ON DIVIDEND INSIDE A FIRM. By ADARAMOLA A. O. (Ph.D.) ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to discuss the Dividend Relevance Theory and to determine whether a relationship exists between dividend payment and transitory earnings; given the impact of tax and other economic conditions with the objective of maximizing the present discounted value of after tax dividend. To achieve this‚ the Lintner’s models were specified to which the
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Theories and Theorists Many professions have theories and theorists‚ especially in the medical and psychological fields. Sometimes theories will develop by theorists doing new research‚ but at other times previous theorists theories are used by a new researcher to expand on the theory and possibly come up with a new theory of his or her own. This paper will help show theories and theorists important to psychology. Psychologists and researchers in this field use these theories often‚ which is what
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The Legal and Ethical Considerations of Marketing in America Paper Evolution of the Market Orientation explains why marketing is a driving force in the modern global economy. First of all‚ the first stage was covered up until the early years of the 1920’s‚ in the United States‚ called the ‘production era’. Goods were scarce and buyers were willing to accept virtually any goods that were available and make do with them. The ‘sales era’ picked up right after the early 1920’s to the 1960’s
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homogeneity across cultures. The theory of relative face orientation We have discussed that Brown and Levinson’s (1987) face-saving politeness theory has been undermined for its inability to be applied universally. In surveying recent studies in cross-cultural communication‚ Mao (1994) mentions Janney and Arndt (1993)‚ who characterise it as idealistic‚ culturally biased‚ and lacking objective empirical evidence for the evaluation of their politeness universals. Instead of a theory centered on universals
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depict two different views of technology‚ but what can be appreciated by both articles is the fact that technology has and will continue to change the world around us. The article‚ “For a while‚ the Luddites Had a Smashing Success”‚ written by Bruce Watson‚ depicts the disparity of English weavers in 1811 caused by English Parliament cutting off trade‚ only
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Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring Marie Fisher Chamberlain College of Nursing NR501: Theoretical Basis for Advanced Nursing Practice May 2015 Jean Watson’s Theory of Caring “A theory‚ as a general term‚ is a notion or an idea that explains experience‚ interprets observation‚ describes relationships‚ and projects outcomes (Parker & Smith‚ 2010). When applied to nursing‚ theories help us “understand and create meaning from our experience‚ organize and articulate our knowing‚ and ask questions
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Educational Theories As with all theories‚ educational theories have developed and changed over time. Many of these theories built on each other as researchers learned more about behavior and learning. Additionally‚ despite the fact most of these theories were developed several decades ago‚ they are still relevant and applicable to current learning situations‚ which is why they are still studied. One of the early educational theories was the theory of classical conditioning‚ which was made popular
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Deindividuation theory 8+16marks Deindividuation is a social psychological explanation of aggression. It refers to the loss of personal identity and responsibility that occurs as a result of being in a crowd of people.Le Bon suggests that individual are more likely to be involve in aggressive behaviour as a collective mindset is created when in a large anonymous crowd. Individuals feels less responsible and identifiable‚ so normal constraint to prevent aggressive behaviour may be lost. The share
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The Evolution of Leadership Theory David A. Van Seters Stevenson‚ Kellogg‚ Ernst & Whinney‚ Vancouver‚ British Columbia and Evolution of Leadership Theory 29 Richard H.G. Field University of Alberta‚ Edmonton‚ Canada Leadership is one of the most complex and multifaceted phenomena to which organisational and psychological research has been applied. While the term "leader" was noted as early as the 1300s (The Oxford English Dictionary‚ 1933) and conceptualised even before biblical times
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