CHEMICAL BONDING MOKAN A/L VELAN (SCPNG0000019030) SANDEEP SINGH JASPREET SINGH TABLE OF CONTENT Contents IONIC BOND 2 METALLIC BOND 9 The "Sea of Electrons" Theory 14 Conductors‚ Insulators and Semiconductors 16 25 IONIC BOND Ionic bond is formed when electron transferred from a valence shell of an atom to the valence shell of another atom. Ionic bond involves electron transfer across two atoms. The atom which donates the electron is called cation which is a positive ion whereas
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Excerpt from FS Series #1: enabling sub-sovereign bond issuances B3. Case 3: Alternative Financing for Water Utilities — Lessons from a Failed Bond Issue in Indonesia B3a. Background and Environment PUBLIC INVESTMENT IN THE WATER SECTOR HAS BEEN VIRTUALLY ABSENT IN INDONESIA. ACHIEVING INDONESIA’S MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL‚ TO HALVE THE PROPORTION OF PEOPLE WITHOUT SUSTAINABLE ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER AND BASIC SANITATION BY 2015‚ WOULD REQUIRE A TENFOLD ANNUAL INCREASE IN INVESTMENTS
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Value of Money to Security Valuation – Valuation of Bonds and Debt Securities A bond or a debenture is a long term debt instrument carrying a fixed rate of interest which is known to investors. A bond is redeemable after a specified period. Bonds are also called gilt edged securities or gilt when issued by the government since it is free of default risk. Features of a Bond or Debenture • Face Value – Face value is called par value. A bond / debenture is generally issued at a par value and
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TYPES OF BONDS There are a plenty amount of different types of bonds‚ existing nowadays. Actually‚ the bond market offers investors a lot more choices than the stock market. Which bonds to choose depends on the goals‚ tax situation and the risk tolerance of a person who is going to invest in bonds. The broad bond market includes in itself government‚ municipal‚ corporate‚ mortgage-backed or asset-backed securities and international bonds. Within each broad bond market sector it is possible to
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INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL BONDS CHEMICAL BOND Definition: A chemical bond is defined as a force that acts between two or more atoms to hold them together as a stable molecule. Main types of bond: 1. Ionic or electrovalent bond‚ 2. Covalent bond‚ 3. Coordinate covalent bond Forth type of bond: Metallic bond: The type of bonding which holds the atoms together in metal crystal. Valence electron: The electrons in the outer most energy level in an atom that takes part in chemical
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CHAPTER 7 Bonds Valuation CHAPTER ORIENTATION This chapter introduces the concepts that underlie asset valuation. We are specifically concerned with bonds. We also look at the concept of the bondholder’s expected rate of return on an investment. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Types of bonds A. Debentures: unsecured long-term debt. B. Subordinated debentures: bonds that have a lower claim on assets in the event of liquidation than do other senior debtholders. C. Mortgage bonds: bonds secured
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Catastrophe Bonds By Kirill Graminschi The trouble with Catastrophe Bonds The article presents the difficulties insurance companies face when they are issuing catastrophe bonds. Do they efficiently hedge against large-scale disasters? It is very difficult hedging against catastrophic losses. Japan’s March earthquake‚ tsunami and nuclear disaster threat could cost the insurance industry between $21 and $34 billion. The catastrophe bonds are not helping much the insurance companies‚ although
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Chemical bond From Wikipedia‚ the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation‚ search A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such
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a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as
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Corporate Bonds‚ Common stock‚ and Preferred Stock Higher return means higher risk. People use excess money to invest in a corporation. It is a good way gain more money than put money into the saving account to get a little interest. Before you invest you should analyze the characteristics of corporate bonds‚ common stock‚ and preferred stock; and also be aware of their advantages and disadvantages. The corporate bonds are issued by corporations. They are used to increase capital for issuing
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