Absorption & Emission of Light Stimulated Absorption & Emission‚ Spontaneous Emission E2 Incident radiation hν hν Emitted & transmitted radiation E1 Resonance condition E2-E1=hν • Rate of stimulated emission is: −dN1/dt = N1B1->2 ρ(ν) • Rate of absorption is the sum of the rated due to stimulated emission and spontaneous emission: −dN2/dt = N2B2->1 ρ(ν) + N2A2->1 where B1->2 is the Einstein transition probability for induced absorption‚ B2->1 is the Einstein transition probability
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depleted‚ they cannot be replaced in our civilization. This extremely long process takes thousands of years and if we were to replenish the depleted fossil fuels it would take millions of years. 2) How are fossil fuels formed? How do environmental conditions determine what type of fossil fuel is formed in a given location? Why are fossil fuels often concentrated in localized deposits? Fossil fuels form by preserving the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. This organic matter then undergoes a slow
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All of the following are examples of primary air pollutants except. (c) tropospheric ozone 6. The greatest emission of sulfur dioxide comes from (C) Industrial processes 7. The least amount of nitrogen oxide emissions comes from (A) on road vehicles 8. The accumulation of tropospheric ozone at night depends mainly upon the atmospheric concentrations of (B) volatile organics 1. What are they? The six criteria air pollutants are sulfur dioxide‚ nitrogen oxides‚ carbon oxides‚lead‚particulate matter and tropospheric ozone. These six pollutants significantly threaten human health
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What relationship is there between globalization and global environmental change? 1. Introduction The world has ushered in an era of rapid growth of economies and on-going process of global integration. It implies a growing degree of interdependence among economies and societies through cross country flows of capital‚ information‚ products‚ services‚ culture‚ technologies and labour (Panayotou 2000). There is no doubt that the globalization brings a lot of advantages. The global commercial market
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The Carbon CycleCarbon is the basis for all life on earth. This essay will explain the role of carbon dioxide in various parts of the carbon cycle. This essay will examine two main‚ and important parts of the carbon cycle‚ starting by explaining the role of the ocean in absorbing carbon. Next this essay will examine the human influences on the carbon cycle and human production of carbon dioxide. Thirdly this essay will explain what controls thecarbon dioxide concentration. The ocean holds a vast
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Black carbon is one of the top ten contributory to global and regional warming. Due to the lack of major companies failing to adhere to strict state and local guidelines. These studies have shown the mixing of aerosols and black carbon traveling many miles from 3 to 5 kilometers‚ causing the carbon dioxide emissions to exceed normal regional and local state levels. Many people are medically affected from upper respiratory illnesses/ allergy issues. This effect causes people to lose time from work
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by the rise in temperatures and carbon levels. It was then that Carla‚ a carbon atom was born at the Sahara desert. At night‚ Carla and her friends went outside to watch the stars peacefully. It had never occurred to them that the night would bring a sudden kidnap. All of Carla’s friends and Carla were attached to two oxygen atoms. Unfortunately‚ Carla fainted during the kidnap so when she woke up‚ she took the surprise of no longer being carbon but carbon dioxide. Carla then turned around and saw
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How does CO2 Emissions Affect the Ecosystem? Kenyetta Sloan Bryant & Stratton College Ecology Dr. M. McLellan-Zabielski October 24‚ 2012 What would happen if we didn’t cut trees‚ use transportation‚ even turn on our lights or any electrical item we own? Then global warming wouldn’t exist. The things that we do on the daily basis is what produces carbon emissions‚ when we burn oil‚ coal‚ and gas‚ it releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The result of this is climate change‚ temperature
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OXYGEN-CARBON CYCLE The carbon-oxygen cycles are actually two independent cycles. However‚ both these cycles are interconnected as well as interdependent on each other to some extent. There are four processes involved in the completion of the carbon-oxygen cycle. Oxygen-carbon cycle processes are: * Photosynthesis Plants undergo photosynthesis that helps them produce energy and food for themselves. During photosynthesis‚ plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and absorb water (H2O) with the help
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Cardon Neutrality‚ defined- “a transparent process of calculating emissions‚ reducing those emissions and offsetting residual emissions –net carbon emissions equal zero” ‚ is very much achievable‚ but there are huge obstacles that need to be overcome if one is to achieve it‚ as large interests wish to keep us dependent on fossil fuels‚ and important policy makers worry about productivity. Some countries are huge produces or investors in fossil fuel. Larger developed countries who are large
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