sources of fund is known as cost of capital. Cost of capital is only minimum required rate of return to earn on investment and it is not the actual earning rate of the firm. Retained earnings‚ used as a part of the capital structure of a business firm‚ is that part of the earnings available to common shareholders not paid out as dividends or the earnings plowed back into the firm for growth. As such‚ their cost to the firm is an opportunity cost. In other words‚ they could have paid the money out as
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Company’s Act 1956‚ share means a part in the share capital of the company and it also includes stock except where a distinction between stock and share capital is made expressed or implied. TYPES OF SHARES: As per the provision of section 85 of the Companies Act‚ 1956‚ the share capital of a company consists of two classes of shares‚ namely: 1. Preference Shares 2. Equity Shares PREFERENCE SHARES: According to Sec 85(1)‚ of the Companies Act‚ 1956‚ a preference share is one‚ which carries
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PROJECT REPORT ON EFFECT OF PROVOCATIVE ADVERTISEMENTS ON DEORDORANT SALES Executive summary: Today‚ in the market there are thousands of brands‚ millions of products and their different varieties being offered by different companies. In such a situation it becomes very difficult for the customer to take buying decision rationally and wisely. Every day we see lot of advertisements on the television‚ or posters on the billboards‚ or pictures
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Learn to Play the Earnings Game (and Wall Street Will Love You) The pressure to report smooth‚ ever higher earnings has never been fiercer. You don’t want to miss the consensus estimate by a penny--and you don’t have to. By Justin Fox In January‚ for the 41st time in the 42 quarters since it went public‚ Microsoft reported earnings that met or beat Wall Street estimates The 36 brokerage analysts who make the estimates were‚ as a group‚ quite happy about this - the 57 cents per share announced by the
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Preference share capital Source: Wikipedia.org Preferred stock‚ also called preferred shares (preferred)‚ is a special equity security that has properties of both an equity and a debt instrument and is generally considered a hybrid instrument. These are senior (i.e. higher ranking) to common stock‚ but are subordinate to bonds. Preferred stock usually carries no voting rights‚ but may carry a dividend and may have priority over common stock in the payment of dividends and upon liquidation
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and contrast Accrual Earnings Management and Real Earnings Management. Real Earnings Management: a. Real activities manipulation: managers try to mislead at least some of their stakeholders to believe that the financial reporting goals have been met through normal operational practices. However‚ this is not a value added activity‚ sometimes may even reduce firm value because current actions will have negative effect on future cash flow. b. It is probable that real earnings management will have
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REPURCHASE OF SHARES In the past two decades‚ major U.S. corporations have increasingly repurchased significant amounts of their own common shares. The reasons for this development and its implications for the theory of share valuation and public policy‚ however‚ have been subject to numerous‚ and often conflicting‚ interpretations. The repurchase of shares is not legal under all codes of law; but in the countries where it is legal‚ it opens up a variety of opportunities for gains for the stockholders
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What was the effect of photography on painting in the nineteenth century? The photograph was developed in 1839 simultaneously in England and France by Talbot and Daguerre. That is the technique of chemically fixing of an image produced by exposure to rays of sun. William Fox Talbot was an English scholar and scientist who developed the negative and positive process. He used sensitive paper soaked in sodium hyposulphite called calotype. This became the basis for all subsequent photography. Photography
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reasons. Some people try and blame it on the past. For example‚ whites hating blacks and using them as slaves because I believe they were afraid of them. I think that was cruel treating them in such menial fashions. Another example of cruel behavior is the Holocaust. There aren’t enough words to describe how unhuman I thought that tragedy was. The horrifying pictures I saw were unbearable. I wanted to cry. How could someone have so much hatred in their heart? To nearly wipe out a whole race‚ just because
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showed in me and also for her constant support and valuable advices that helped me to complete this project successfully. At last‚ I would like to thank my family and friends for their encouragement and support. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The project was undertaken for ten weeks at „ADITYA BIRLA FINANCE LTD‟ in few locations of Punjab in partial fulfillment of the
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