The contingency approach to management emerged from the real life experience of managers who found that no single approach worked consistently in every situation. The basic idea of this approach is that number management technique or theory is appropriate in all situations. The main determinants of a contingency are related to the external and internal environment of an organisation. The process‚ quantitative‚ behavioural‚ and systems approaches to management did not integrate the environment. The
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Learning approach for first year students in university The essay examines the comparison of surface approach and deep approach used in university students. As a fact‚ many first year students‚ regardless of majors‚ adopt surface approaches to learning. However‚ universities encourage students to accept a deep approach to learn rather than surface approach. Therefore‚ many first year students face a challenge to use which approach to achieve high academic grades. The essay presents the two opposite
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Psychology Task 1 The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person‚ particularly unconscious‚ and between the different structures of the personality. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed a collection of theories which have formed the basis of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. On the other hand behaviourism refers to a psychological approach which places emphasis on scientific as
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company with operations in more than 120 countries. The MaxFli sales force automation system is BAT’s new global direct distribution system developed to take advantage of BAT’s economies of scale‚ as well as‚ offer end-market design allowing for local customization and implementation. However after MaxFli’s implementation over three countries‚ mixed results were obtained‚ and implementation over three countries revealed strengths and weaknesses inherent to MaxFli’s approach. The strength of MaxFli’s
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indirect measures of beliefs‚ attitudes or feelings. Whereas cognitive based approaches attempt to understand and explain the multifaceted causes and complexity of human behavior‚ behaviorism is based on the premise that behavior is a function of its environmental consequences or contingencies (also see Motivation‚ Contingency Theory). There are four primary historical building blocks of behaviorism. These major foundational contributions are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning experiments
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(Davies & Bhugra‚ 2004). The biological approach and psychoanalytic approach are both deterministic. They both claim that innate componants are responsible for our behaviour. The biological approach claims Behaviour is caused by specific brain structures or that genetic makeup. For example if you have a gene for for a specific behaviour‚ you will exhibit that type of behaviour. Valentine(1992‚ cited in Davey & Sterling‚ 2008). The psychoanalytic approach deterministic as it claims the unconscious
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Behaviourism approach‚ this approach has assumptions of that we’re all born a “tabula Rosa”- a blank state‚ it also says that we learn through 2 types of “conditioning” • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which simple responses are associated with new stimuli. An experiment that shows classical conditioning is the Little Albert Experiment (Phobias). This experiment was to show that you can change a person not fearing anything into
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The sensemaking approach is when people or an organization offer a meaning to an experience by making sense of it. It is how they structure things that they don’t know‚ in order to take action on it. When people experience change‚ they face a gap between their expectations and their counterpart experiences‚ and they start to communicate and act in a systematic and structured way in order to make sense of what is happening. According to Fairhurst and Sarr (1996‚ cited in Bean and Hamilton‚ 2006) “To
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USING ECLECTIC APPOACH FOR FUTURE TEACHING Nowadays‚ English has become the Global language. It is the language of science‚ technology‚ economic‚ etc. As a result‚ learning English has become an essential need for everyone. While learners try their best to reach their goal of successful communicator in foreign language‚ teachers find ways to make language teaching effective. In this fashion‚ considering and choosing the right way in teaching is prior thing for all of teachers and I am not an exception
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Language Teaching (CLT) are to be found in the changes in the British language teaching tradition dating late 1960s. Until then‚ situation of Language Teaching represented the major British approach to teaching English as foreign language. In situational language teaching‚ language was taught by practicing basic structure in meaningful situation-based activities. But just as the linguistics theory underlying audio-Lingualism was rejected in the united state in the mid-1960s‚ British applied linguists began
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