as a source of carbon and energy. *Lithotrophy is the use of an inorganic compound as a source of energy. Energy-Generating Metabolic Pathways 1) Aerobic respiration a) Heterotrophic reduced carbon compounds as energy sources (carbs‚ fats‚ proteins) 8 ATP (Glycolysis) 30 ATP (Krebs‚ ETC) b) Chemolithotrophic including C1 metabolism > derive energy from oxidation of inorganic compounds > derive cellular carbon from CO2 2) Anaerobic respiration a) Also Heterotrophic and Chemolithotrophic
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accessory NEF protein in HIV infection Kanokporn Tangthamvanich Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Otago [Word count: 895] The role of the accessory NEF protein in HIV infection In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection‚ there is one essential virulence protein‚ the Nef protein‚ which is identified as a negative factor due to it having a negative effect on viral replication (1). It performs critical functions in the host during the viral life cycle. The Nef protein is only
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straight into the bloodstream (HIV‚ AIDS) The body’s natural defence includes: The skin o Body has a natural flora of bacteria keeping the pH levels low‚ o Sweat and oil is antiseptic o Blood clots by soluble blood protein fibrinogen is converted into an insoluble fibrous protein – fibrin‚ which creates a mesh for platelets to stick onto o White blood cells are attracted to open areas‚ to prevent infection Gas Exchange System: o Mucus lines the passageways trapping invading pathogens o These
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of FAP. The mutations range from insertions‚ deletions‚ nonsense‚ and even repeats‚ which ultimately can result in a nonfunctional protein. The APC gene produces a protein known as the APC protein that is involved in regulating cell adhesion‚ signal transductions‚ and transcription activation. Park and Vogelstein (2003) stated that‚ “the localization of the APC protein is in the basolateral membrane of the colonic epithelial cells…” When mutations occur within this specific gene‚ it causes excessive
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- regulates fluidity of membrane 2. proteins interspersed throughout the membrane a. functions of membrane proteins i. receptors - hormones‚ neurotransmitters ii. enzymes - reactions in & out of cell iii. transport - ions and molecules b. integral proteins - inserted into the bilayer i. transmembrane - across entire bilayer c. peripheral proteins - on inner & outer surface d. glycoproteins - carbohydrates
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and Biotransformation Redesigning existing enzymes by protein engineering Metabolic engineering for multistep biotransformation Cyanide Biotransformation Redesigning existing enzymes by protein engineering WHAT IS PROTEIN ENGINEERING??? It is a process of developing useful or valuable proteins which involves * Modification of existing enzymes * Production of new enzymes In other words‚ the design and construction of new proteins or enzymes with novel or desired functions‚ through the
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all of these 3. The nitrogenous base found in RNA but not in DNA is adenine cytosine guanine uracil thymine 4. Transcription occurs on the surface of the ribosome is the final process in the assembly of a protein is the synthesis of any type of RNA from a DNA template
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through living systems. i. Endergonic – “inside” input of energy ii. Exergonic – output of energy Central Dogma of Molecular Biology 1. DNA replication – DNA to DNA 2. Transcription – DNA to RNA 3. Translation – RNA to protein 4. Reverse Transcription – RNA to DNA Biochemistry encompasses organic chemistry‚ genetics‚ physiology (study of function)‚ microbiology‚ medical research‚ nutrition‚ biophysics‚ cell biology. Cell Fundamental and Structural unit of all
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Characteristics of a signal/change: - Perturbation from steady state - Reproducible - Managed - Controlled Stimulus Steroid hormones are lipophilic and can therefore diffuse across plasma membranes; they form signaling complexes with proteins A signal binds a surface receptor ( induction of conformational change in the intracellular domain of the receptor ( transduction and amplification of the signal via downstream partners either linear or via network Upon induction cells can
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absorbed into the blood and carried to cells throughout the body. The things we eat turn into things such as carbohydrates‚ fats‚ and proteins. Carbohydrates are‚ any of a large group of organic compounds occurring in foods and living tissues and including sugars‚ starch‚ and cellulose. Protein‚ such as meat‚ eggs‚ and beans‚ consist of large molecules of protein that must be digested by enzymes before they can be used to build and repair body tissues. An enzyme in the juice of the stomach starts
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