protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration. During cell division‚ enzymes that duplicate the chromosome and its DNA cannot continue their duplication all the way to the end of the chromosome. Every time a cell divides the telomere becomes shorter. If cells divided without telomeres‚ they would lose the ends of their chromosomes‚ and the necessary information they contain. The telomere shortening mechanism normally limits cells to a fixed number of divisions‚ and animal studies suggest that
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proliferate indefinitely (uncontrolled cell growth)‚ ability to invade surrounding normal tissue (invasion)‚ ability to spread throughout the body (metastasis) Cancer is also characterized by a long latent period between time of exposure and development of the disease Carcinogen- any substance‚ chemical or radiation that is capable of triggering the development of cancer Carcinogenesis: Initiation- carcinogen alters genetic message Promotion- stimulation of rapid cell growth Progression- increase
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Membrane Abstract: Cell membranes play an important role in regulating what goes in and out of the cell. Diffusion‚ the process of movement of substances across the cell membrane from higher concentrations to areas of lower concentration‚ plays an active role in the transport and the regulation through cellular membrane. Sometimes‚ there are cases when cells are placed in hypotonic solutions and substances will diffuse through the cell membrane too much and will result the cell to hemolysis‚ causing
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people with sickle cell anemia survive to mid-40’s although fewer than 10% live more than 60 years. The devastating thong about anemia is that it can be inherited and with no cure‚ the cases of Anemia are increasing. Even though there is no cure‚ early diagnosis of low blood count can lead to better treatment‚ with better treatment‚ patients can live normal lives. However‚ the key to early diagnosis is learning what anemia is and the causes of this blood disease. Anemia is a blood disease in which
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)‚ is a referred to as a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia‚ caused by the destruction of red blood cells‚ acute kidney failure (uremia)‚ and a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Although‚ it mostly affects children‚ there have been cases of adults with this illness. The destroyed red blood cells block the filtering system in the kidneys‚ which can lead to a life-threatening kidney failure. HUS usually develops in children after five to 10 days of diarrhea
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: M13D Date : 6th September 2013 Title : Movement through the plasma membrane Hour : 2 hours Assessment : Design Aim : To study the effect of lipid solubility of molecules on permeability of plasma membrane of animal cell. Introduction : Diffusion: In general‚ diffusion process occur when there is a concentration gradient between two region .Molecules (other than water) will move by diffusion as long as there is a concentration gradient. A concentration gradient
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Ex: sickle-cell disease II. Sickle-cell disease A. Homozygous for sickle-cell allele. B. Oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin differs by one amino acid from normal hemoglobin. C. Defective hemoglobin forms crystal-like structures that change the shape of the red blood cells. D. Normal red bloods cells are disc-shaped‚ but abnormal red blood cells are sickle-shaped or half- moon. E. The change in shape occurs in the body’s narrow capillaries after hemoglobin delivers oxygen to the cells. F. Heterozygous
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Enzymes All enzymes are globular proteins and round in shape They have the suffix "-ase" Intracellular enzymes are found inside the cell Extracellular enzymes act outside the cell (e.g. digestive enzymes) Enzymes are catalysts → speed up chemical reactions Reduce activation energy required to start a reaction between molecules Substrates (reactants) are converted into products Reaction may not take place in absence of enzymes (each enzyme has a specific catalytic action) Enzymes catalyse
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first describe the transmition of the disease and then the colonization that takes place. During a blood meal on a human a female mosquito must inject her saliva containing an anticoagulant agent to ensure and even flow of blood into the mouth (1). With the saliva comes malarial sporozoites which‚ within minutes of direct contact with the blood take an immediate route with the circulation of blood to the liver of the human (2). Research has indicated that once the sporozoites arrive in the livers
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Transmitted infection Priapism- Persistent erection Ureters = 2 tubes t 3’s‚ 2 kidneys(p3) *Hematuria = blood in urine* Urethra= 1 bladder‚ 1 external opening Cephalic- Head (p7) Caudal- tail Dextrocardia- heart on the wrong side Idiopathic- No known cause Subungual Hematoma (p8) -Blood underneath the fingernail Thrombus- Blood clot (stationary) (p11) Embolus - blood clot that migrates (emigrates) Myocardial infarction- heart attack Chapter 2 Amniocentesis (15wks) (p36)
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