Contract Law Notes Contracts ‘A’ Offer Bilateral contracts Unilateral contracts Offers to the public at large What is an offer? Mere puff Supply of information Invitation to treat Categorizing transactions Advertisements a) Advertisements in a catalogue or a curricular b) Advertisements in newspapers or magazines c) Advertisements appearing on the internet d) Display of goods Auctions a) Advertisement of auction b) Auctions with reserves c) Auctions without a reserve Tendering
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CONTRACT LAW- EXAM NOTES What is a contract? An oral or written agreement between two or more parties which is enforceable by law. This agreement ‘will be legally binding if certain criteria are met – briefly‚ they require that there be an agreement (comprising an offer and acceptance)‚ consideration‚ intention to create legal relations‚ compliance with any formalities required by law and that the parties have the legal capacity to contract’1 What is the purpose of contract law
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more basic concepts in fraud deterrence and detection is the fraud triangle. The fraud triangle is also known as Cressey’s Triangle‚ or Cressey’s Fraud Triangle. Cressey’s Fraud Triangle gets its name from Donald Cressey. Cressey was one of the “nations leading experts on the sociology of crime”. He authored a few books including Other People’s Money‚ Theft of the Nation‚ and co-authored Principles of Criminology with Edwin H. Sutherland. Cressey is honored by many anti-fraud organizations‚ including
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commit fraud because of financial pressures‚ vices‚ or because of work-related pressures. As well‚ perpetrators of fraud can be motivated by a perceived opportunity to commit fraud and the ability to rationalize that what they are doing is not wrong. Their motivations are usually combined into the fraud triangle of perceived pressure‚ perceived opportunity‚ and rationalization. 3. The fraud triangle includes three elements that almost always must be present in order for someone to commit fraud: a
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HealthSouth Fraud Investigation Table of Contents Table of Contents i Introduction and Background 1 Analysis 1 Why it occurred 2 Fraud Triangle 2 How it occurred 3 Red Flags of the Fraud 5 Why the Fraud Continued Undetected 6 The Auditors Roles and Responsibilities 7 Fate of Parties Involved 8 Effect of Fraud on HealthSouth 9 Conclusion 10 Appendix A 11 Appendix B 12 Appendix C 13 Appendix D 14 Appendix E 15 Appendix F 16 Works Cited 17 Introduction and
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Proactive Fraud Auditing End of Chapter 4 in Albrecht FRAUD DETECTION Recognizing the Symptoms of Fraud Identify Risk Exposures Proactively Look for Symptoms & Exposures 1 2 Actg 537 Identify Fraud Symptoms for Each Exposure 3 4 Investigate Identified Symptoms Symptoms of Fraud What are some irregularities in source documents to look for? Missing Documents Payee Names & Addresses = Employee “Stale Items” on Bank Items” Reconciliation Excessive Voids or Credits
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Corporate Fraud I. Introductions a. Fraud in the accounting environment is on the increase. b. Fraud takes place in different forms in the accounting environment. II. The growing risk of fraud and corruption a. Local problems‚ global pain b. Awareness is crucial c. Tailoring efforts to avert damage III. Preventing Fraud a. Background checks and enhanced due diligence b. Monitoring and evaluating preventive controls c. Continuous controls monitoring IV. Can we eliminate fraud and corruption
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Internet fraud is a problem that has become very widespread in recent years. Internet fraud was first monitored by the Internet Fraud Watch organization in 1996. The Fraud Watch has stated that each year after its inception internet fraud has increased. In 1998‚ the Securities and Exchange Commission established the Office of Internet Enforcement to fight online securities fraud which was another sign of how large the problem is becoming (Clausing). Despite the SEC¡¦s efforts this problem has
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contract law agreement: objective test of intention to agree offer must be matched by other’s acceptance requirement of certainty of agreement parties have intention to create legal relations enforce promise: consideration promise is contained in a deed promissory estoppel (claimant has relied on defendant’s promise) reliance theory: consistent with the harm principle (prevent harm on others) restitution interest
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Overview: An e- fraud is considered to be an electronic crime that affects not only individuals businesses and governments but also allows for very negatively intelligent people and hackers to use their intelligence to log into other’s accounts use their credit card numbers and banking password and transact huge amounts of trade and money . it has been seen that e fraud is on the increase and this is because of the low levels of awareness‚ the inappropriate counter measures that are ineffective
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