CONTENTS Introduction of bonds……………………………………………..01 Characteristics of Bonds…………………………………………01 Types of Bonds…………………………………………………… 06 Bonds Market……………………………………………………… 08 Introduction of Pakistan bond market……………...................08 How Bonds Trade……………………………………………….….09 Bond Price Variations……………………………………………..09 Bond valuation…………………………………………..................09 Types of bonds trade in Pakistan……………………………….10 Government Debt Securities……………………………………..10 Characteristics of MTBs and PIBs………………………………12
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HYDROGEN BONDING: Hydrogen bonding is a bonding type consisting of dipole and dispersion forces. A hydrogen bond is the attractive force between a hydrogen atom attached to a molecule and an atom of a different molecule. According to the Pauling scale of electro-negativities of the elements‚ it can be viewed that the three most electronegative elements in the periodical table are nitrogen‚ oxygen and fluorine. These are also called heteroatoms. The heteroatoms have a partial negative charge while
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that in moist air it rusts. Iron also has the most stable nucleus of any element. Its electron arrangement also makes it highly attractive to magnetic fields (is magnetic!). Common Ores of Iron would be: Hematite (Hematite deposits are the most important source of Iron Ore in the United States.) Limonite‚ and Magnetite Number of Orbits or shells: 4 No of electrons in First Orbits or shells: 2 No of electrons in Second Orbits or shells: 8 No of electrons in Third Orbits
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Why are proteins important? Proteins can easily be addressed as one of the most important molecules in animal cells. There are many varieties of protein molecules which allow a vast range of biological activities in the cell.( Williams‚ G.(2000))’Proteins are big compound with large molecular masses’’(Williams‚ G.(2000)) whose main chemical constituents are hydrogen‚ carbon ‚oxygen and nitrogen. A protein structure consists of a specific sequence of amino acids called the
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chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electromagnetic force attraction between opposite charges‚ either between electrons and nuclei‚ or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" such as covalent or ionic bonds and "weak bonds" such as dipole-dipole interactions‚ the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.
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attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent Bonds Covalent chemical bonds involve the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms‚ in contrast to the transfer of electrons in ionic bonds. Such bonds lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom. Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic hydrogen molecule. The halogens such as chlorine also
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aim of this study was to test the rate of reactivity of the enzyme catalase on hydrogen peroxide while subject to different concentrations of an inhibitor. The hypothesis was that hydrogen peroxide will be broken down by catalase into hydrogen and oxygen‚ where a higher concentration of inhibitor will yield less oxygen‚ resultant of a lower rate of reaction. Crushed potato samples of equal weight were placed in hydrogen peroxide solutions of various temperatures. The results showed that less gas was
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Theology 100 Father O’Leary 6/5/08 Final Exam Questions 1. Is Religion important? Why or why not? 2. Would anything change if the Tomb of Jesus was discovered and the bones within were proven to be his? 3. Think a bit about your talents and abilities. Do you think that one of more of these talents you possess could serve the common good of the society in which you live? 4. Think a bit about the talents or skills that either you have not yet developed or do not think you possess
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Assignment 5 – 3rd Reaction Patper – Marriage and Family: Why is marriage important March 24‚ 2013 Hameed Law Concordia University – Irvine SOC101 Introduction to Sociology Professor: Ernie Hernandez‚ Ph.D. Abstract Why is marriage important? A question asked continuously and has been across time. There are those that see it as a necessity‚ needed to instill the values for a child; to appreciate the woman and the family
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CHEMICAL BONDING MOKAN A/L VELAN (SCPNG0000019030) SANDEEP SINGH JASPREET SINGH TABLE OF CONTENT Contents IONIC BOND 2 METALLIC BOND 9 The "Sea of Electrons" Theory 14 Conductors‚ Insulators and Semiconductors 16 25 IONIC BOND Ionic bond is formed when electron transferred from a valence shell of an atom to the valence shell of another atom. Ionic bond involves electron transfer across two atoms. The atom which donates the electron is called cation which is a positive ion whereas
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