CHAPTER 22 The Costs of Production Topic Question numbers ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Costs: explicit and implicit 1-9 2. Profits 10-23 3. Short run versus long run 24-31 4. Law of diminishing returns 32-55 5. Short-run costs 56-157 6. Long-run costs 158-193 Last Word 194-196 True-False 197-210 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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hierarchical layer Computer Organization – Module 1 Two different figures showing the organization of a computer‚ showing the five classic components pa ge -An abstraction omits unneeded helps us cope with complexity detail‚ s. co 0.1 What is happening below Your Program? m 1 Introduction & MIPS http://handoutsuite.googlepages.com Little bit of History “Where . . . the ENIAC is equipped with 18‚000 vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons‚ computers in the future may
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THE COST AND SALES CONCEPT Cost is defined as a reduction in the value of an asset for the purpose of securing benefit or gain. Cost is defined in a hotel and restaurant as the expense to a hotel or restaurant for goods or services when the goods are consumed or the services are rendered. KINDS OF COSTS 1. Fixed costs – are those that are normally unaffected by changes in sales volume. They are said to have little direct relationship to the business volume because they do not change
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Basic TQM Concept Basic Concept of TQM Six Basic Concepts of TQM‚ According to B. Creech: 1..A committed and involved management to provide long-term top-to-bottom organizational support. 2.Unwavering focus on the customer‚ both internally and externally. 3.Effective involvement and utilization of the entire work force. 4.Continuous improvement of the business and production process 5.Treating suppliers as partners. 6.Establish performance measures for the process. These
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Cost Theory in Economics A central economic concept is that getting something requires giving up something else. For example‚ earning more money may require working more hours‚ which costs more leisure time. Economists use cost theory to provide a framework for understanding how individuals and firms allocate resources in such a way that keeps costs low and benefits high. 1. Function * Economists view costs as what an individual or firm must give up to get something else. Opening a
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Cost allocation for indirect costs Cost Pool – Set of costs that are added together before being allocated to cost objects on some common basis Cost Driver/ Allocation base Cost Object Cost Driver Rate = Total Costs in Pool/ Total Quantity of Driver Where total quantity of driver = practical capacity of driver Cost of excess capacity = Cost Driver Rate * Excess capacity Predetermined overhead rate - cost per unit of the allocation base used to charge overhead to products. Predetermined
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Pricing productsIntroduction Products and services have a price just as they have a value. Many non-profit and all profit-making organizations must also set prices. Pricing is controversial and goes by many names: Price is all around us. You pay rent for your apartment‚ tuition for your education. The airline‚ railway‚ taxi and bus companies charge you a/are; the local utilities call their price a rate; and the local bank charges you interest for the money you borrow ; the guest lecturer charges
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Origins * 3 TQM in manufacturing * 4 TQM and contingency-based research * 5 TQM‚ just another Management fad? * 6 References * 7 See also * 8 External links Definition TQM is composed of three paradigms: * Total: Organization wide * Quality: With its usual Definitions‚ with all its complexities (External Definition) * Management: The system of managing with steps like Plan‚ Organize‚ Control‚ Lead‚ Staff‚ etc. As defined by the International Organization
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1.)What is Total Quality Management? Total quality management or TQM is an integrative philosophy of management for continuously improving the quality of products and processes. TQM is based on the premise that the quality of products and processes is the responsibility of everyone involved with the creation or consumption of the products or services offered by an organization‚ requiring the involvement of management‚ workforce‚ suppliers‚ and customers‚ to meet or exceed customer expectations
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COST SHEET FOR AMUL ICE-CREAMS [pic] PRESENTED BY HIRAL MEHTA 61 SAURAV MEHTA 62
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