Stocks versus Bonds: Explaining the Equity Risk Premium Clifford S. Asness From the 19th century through the mid-20th century‚ the dividend yield (dividends/price) and earnings yield (earnings/price) on stocks generally exceeded the yield on long-term U.S. government bonds‚ usually by a substantial margin. Since the mid-20th century‚ however‚ the situation has radically changed. In addressing this situation‚ I argue that the difference between stock yields and bond yields is driven by the long-run
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VALENCE BOND THEORY The ‘mixing’ or ‘blending’ of atomic orbitals to accommodate the spatial requirements in a molecule is known as hybridization. Hybridization occurs to minimize electron pair repulsions when atoms are brought together to form molecules. Possible hybridization schemes: 2nd row elements: sp sp2 sp3 3rd row elements also have: dsp3 d2sp3 Each of these hybridzation schemes corresponds to one of the five fundamental VSEPR geometries. Bonding arises from the overlap
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Boeing Bond Analysis Presented to Dr. ----- Prepared by Filipe Ferro October 9‚ 2012 Table of Contents Boeing Company 3 Bond Issue 3 Unsystematic Risk 4 Principal Repayment 4 Debt to Invested Capital 4 Debt to Equity 4 Current & Quick Ratios 5 Interest Repayment 5 Times Interest Earned 5 Credit Position 6 Competitor Analysis 6 General Dynamics 6 Northrop Grumman 7 Systematic Risk 7 Market Responsiveness 7 Duration 8 Modified Duration 9 Accuracy of Rating 9
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would be: A. +2 B. +1 C. 0 D. -1 E. -2 5. The sequence of monomers in any polymer is this type of structure: A. primary structure B. secondary structure C. tertiary structure D. quaternary structure E. All of these 6. Hydrogen bonds are most important in this type of structure in proteins: A. primary structure B. secondary structure C. tertiary structure D. quaternary structure E. All of these 7. The overall folding of a single protein subunit is called: A. primary
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MBA 1st Semester Corporate Governance Charter I: Introduction to Corporate Governance Charter II: Corporate Governance: Definition‚ Principles‚ Importance and Application a. Definitions and Theoretical Framework b. Justification for Effective CG c. OECD Principles d. Good CG standards for Public Services: Core Principles e. Generic Principles Chapter III: Approaches of CG a. Framework Approach b. Regulatory Approach Chapter IV: Corporation and Corporate Structure Chapter
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through a bond issue. A lot of disagreement was made by several company directors that instead wanted the firm to issue common stock. In the end‚ the argument is about whether to raise debt or equity. What are the annual cash expenses associated with the (a) bond issue? (b) common stock issue? Analysis of issuing stock The cost of issuing stock is lower than bond. The bond has a principal repayment of an additional $6.25 million cash expenses annually and that is over 9% of the bond issue.
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What is Corporate Governance? Corporate Governance is a generic concept‚ and in most cases it is defined by its objectives. Corporate Governance can be defined and analyzed by two terms. The first was introduced by the Organization of economic Corporation and Development (OECD 1999). OECD defined “Corporate Governance as a system in which business corporations are directed and controlled. The Corporate Governance structure specifies the distribution of rights and responsibilities among the
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106 B lo o m b e r g M a r k e t s February 2003 FO CUS S yn d i c a t e d L o a n s Comparing a Syndicated Loan With a Bond Use the Asset Swap Calculator to evaluate pricing spreads. B y ‚how do you determine whether an John Bridge the top of the screen. However‚ the OAS isn’t directly comparable to the discount margin because of the way the OAS gets calculated. The OAS uses unique current spot‚ or zero‚ rates to discount cash flows according to their terms along the entire swap
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| TRENDSETTERS INC. Term sheet Negotiations | Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital | | | Introduction: Trendsetter Inc. was formed by Wendy Borg and Jason Kushdog‚ the CEO and the COO respectively‚ in March 2000‚ to deliver innovative warehouse and distribution management software program for clothing retailers. The “founders” started the firm after quitting their respective jobs and decided to pool in their savings in the firm. The software produced by the firm would contain a demand
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1. The security of the bond‚ that is‚ whether the bond has collateral. Effect on the coupon rate of the bond issue: Bond’s with collateral will have lower coupon rate as bondholders have claim on collateral no matter what. Advantage: It provides an asset which lower default risk. Disadvantage: Companies cannot sell this collateral as an asset and need to maintain it. 2. The seniority of the bond Effect on the coupon rate of the bond issue: The more senior the bond‚ the lower the coupon
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