Concept Check 14.1 C O N C E P T C H E C K 14.1 1. Pea plants heterozygous for flower position and stem length (AaTt) are allowed to selfpollinate‚ and 400 of the resulting seeds are planted. Draw a Punnett square for this cross. How many offspring would be predicted to have terminal flowers and be dwarf? (See Table 14.1.) 1. According to the law of independent assortment‚ 25 plants (1⁄16 of the offspring) are predicted to be aatt‚ or recessive for both characters. The actual result is likely
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Inheriting Chromosomes A. Inheritance of Genes * Parents endow their offspring with coded information in the form of hereditary units called genes * Most genes program cells to synthesize specific enzymes and other proteis‚ whose cumulative action produces an organism’s inherited traits * In animals and plants‚ reproductive cells called gametes are the vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to the next * A gene’s specific location along the length of a chromosome is called
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immobile pupa. Over the next four days‚ the body is completely remodeled to give the adult winged form‚ which then hatches from the pupal case and is fertile within about 12 hours. Fruit fly has four pairs of chromosomes: the X/Y sex chromosomes and the autosomes 2‚ 3‚ and 4. the fourth chromosome is very tiny and rarely heard from. The size of the genome is about 165 million bases and contains and estimated 14‚000 genes (by comparison‚ the human genome has 3‚400 million bases and may have about 22‚500
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differences between mitosis and meiosis. 2. describe and recognize the stages of mitosis under a microscope or on models. 3. know the events that occur during each stage of mitosis and meiosis. 4. define the boldface terms. Chromosomes:
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your chromosomes. To illustrate the tremendous variety possible when you begin to combine genes‚ you and a classmate will establish the genotypes for a potential offspring. Your baby will receive a random combination of genes that each of you‚ as genetic parents‚ will contribute. Each normal human being has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs‚ which we call diploid or 2n) in each body cell. One pair of your chromosomes primarily determines your sex‚ thus‚ this pair is called the sex chromosomes. The
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Pre-Reading Notes (Very Short Introduction - Chapter 5; Fundamentals of Forensic Science – Chapter 11): • Red and white cell blood antigens are polymorphic: they exist in more than one form and everyone inherits one or more forms of each of them • A successful DNA profile makes it possible to reach a conclusion that a DNA sample came from a specific individual‚ giving law enforcement and forensic science a new‚ powerful identification tool that complements fingerprints and other methods of identification
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C. MT1311 Chromosomal aberrations are abnormalities in the structure or number of chromosomes and are often responsible for genetic disorders. For more than a century‚ scientists have been fascinated by the study of human chromosomes. It was not until 1956‚ however‚ that it was determined that the actual diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell was forty-six (22 pairs of autosomes and two sex chromosomes make up the human genome). In 1959 two discoveries opened a new era of genetics. Jerome
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Crossing over- The two chromosomes making up a homolog pair are not genetically identical because homologs are inherited from different parents. When the chromosomes synapse during prophase 1‚ each gene in each chromosome is brought into contact with the same gene on that chromosome’s homolog. During this process of synapses the two chromosomes of each homolog pair exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing over. The gene combinations on a chromosome can be changed. For example‚ suppose
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from http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/geneticmedicine/Home_Pages_PDF/Mendel.pdf Lourenco‚ J.‚ Galtier‚ N.‚ Glemin‚ S. (2011). Complexity‚ pleiotrophy‚ and the fitness effect of mutations. Evolution‚ 65(6)‚ 1559-1571. DOI: 10.1111/j.1558.2011.01237.x. Section 8.1 Mutations: Types and Causes (2000). NCBI. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21578/
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CHAPTER 2: CELLS Learning about disease is often simplified by growing it in a dish – some cells like heart and nerve cells however do not grow easily outside the body. Cellular reprogramming takes cell back to a state similar to stem cells and then coaxes them to specialize in a different way. Example – LEOPARD syndrome MIM 151100. Acronym for symptoms: enlarged heart w/blocked valves to the lungs‚ freckles‚ abnormal genitals‚ deafness. Skin cells taken from patients were reprogrammed to give
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