IGCSE Biology Notes Refined by KmQ Unit 1 : Characteristics of living things Biology is the study of living organisms. For something to be alive it needs to perform all seven functions of living things.MRS GREN Movement‚ Respiration‚ Sensitivity‚ Growth‚ Reproduction‚ Excretion‚ Nutrition. 1. Movement Most organisms are able to move their whole body even plants can shift their stem towards the sunlight and their roots move towards healthy soil. 2. Respiration IT is the breakdown of food
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PATTERNS IN NATURE QUESTIONS 1) State the cell theory 2) Outline the contributions of Robert Hooke and Robert Brown plus several others 3) Discuss how these developments helped to advance the cell theory Robert Brown’s microscope Robert Hooke’s microscope Transmission electron microscope Modern light microscope Scanning electron microscope 4) Describe evidence to support the cell theory 5) Discuss the significance of technological advances to developments
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200 2 In constructing a plan diagram of a transverse section of a dicotyledonous leaf‚ which feature should not be included? A chloroplasts in the palisade mesophyll layer B cuticle on the upper epidermis C vascular bundles in the leaf lamina D xylem in the vascular bundles 3 Membranous sacs containing products of metabolism are formed by the endoplasmic reticulum in cells. Where are these products used? A inside and outside the cell B inside lysosomes only C inside the cell only D outside
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Discuss why hydrogen bonding is essential for life Throughout biochemistry there are many bonds without which life as it is on earth today would not be possible. One of the most important bonds of these is the hydrogen bond‚ a weak chemical bond that is present in essential biological molecules such as water and polypeptides. A hydrogen bond is defined by Campbell and Reece as occurring when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom but attracted to another electronegative
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Synapomorphy- Is a trait that is found in certain groups of organisms that exists in no others. It is a homologues trait that exists in no others. Some synapomorphy are: lactation and fur in mammals. Monophyletic group- Consists of an ancestral population‚ all of its descendants and only those descendants. Paraphyletic- An evolutionary unit that includes an ancestral population and some‚ but not all of its descendants. They are not meaningful units in evolution. Polytomy- Term for internal
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Cell structure and organization • Chloroplasts o Site of photosynthesis where light energy is absorbed o Consist of grana which are stacked up to increase surface area for absorption of light o Only present in plant cells • Cell membrane (plasma membrane) o Lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell‚ interspersed with protein molecule o Presence of temporary pores o Selectively permeable Controls movement of substances o Diffusion‚ osmosis and active transport can therefore take place o Prevent outflowing
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Semester One EEI Water Movement In Plants Jason Ho Ms Butz Group Members: Daniel Turner‚ Long Nguyen 13/05/10 Abstract The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of one specific environmental condition on the rate of transpiration in plants. This particular investigation looked at the number of leaves in a plant and how it would affect the rate of transpiration in plants. The aim of this investigation was to find out if the larger the number of leaves
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rate at which it evaporates from the leaves‚ for instance transpired into surrounding atmosphere. Also‚ in the shoot‚ the water could stay in the cells‚ or be used in photosynthesis and assimilated into carbohydrate‚ or it could be passed on up the xylem to the leaf tissue. Any external conditions which affect the rate of transportation will be expected to effect on the rate of water uptake. In this practical different effects of external conditions on rate of water uptake of plant. Factors affecting
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includes some of the tallest and oldest plants in the world. It differs from lycopods‚ horsetails and ferns because they’re fully adapted to life on land and live in dry places. An evolutionary achievement is their strong‚ woody tissue‚ made up of xylem. Another evolutionary advance is that gymnosperm reproduction doesn’t require liquid water; instead they have wind-borne pollen and seeds. A good example of this is the reproduction of a pine tree. Pine trees form two different kinds of spores; microspores
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Founder of classical taxonomy‚ whereas Carolus Linnaeus‚ as the Founder of modern or contemporary taxonomy. ECOLOGY Important Formula #1 Xerophytes have a very low area/volume ratio of their body‚ a very high root /shoot ratio‚ highly developed xylem and sclerenchyma in general. They have a thick cuticle‚ stomata either sunken or present in pits/crypts as in Nerium‚ and commonly possess a multiple epidermis . Most adapted xerophytes like cacti and succulents even possess nocturnally opening (scotoactive)
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