Bacterial Fermentation Secondary article Article Contents Volker Mu¨ller‚ Ludwig-Maximilians-Universita¨t Mu¨nchen‚ Munich‚ Germany . Introduction Under anaerobic conditions‚ in the dark and in the absence of electron acceptors‚ organic compounds are catabolized by strictly anaerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria by internally balanced oxidation–reduction reactions‚ a process called fermentation. In fermentation‚ the organic compound serves as both electron donor and acceptor‚ and adenosine
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cells during respiration to produce energy. The process of respiration Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP) This type of respiration is called aerobic respiration which means respiration with oxygen. Mitochondria carry out respiration in the cells. This is why muscles have so many mitochondria as they need more energy in order to function. Respiration comes in two forms – anaerobic and aerobic. Anaerobic respiration refers to respiration without oxygen
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Photosynthesis (happens in chloroplasts in mesophyll cells) 1. Light dependent stage Happens in the grana of chloroplasts Light (energy) gets trapped by chlorophyll pigments (light energy converted to chemical energy) This energy used to turn ADP and Pi into ATP Energy used to split water (H2O) into Hydrogen and Oxygen The hydrogen ions get collected by NADP‚ which becomes NADPH The Oxygen is waste‚ and leaves! So‚ in this stage‚ water comes in. ATP and NAPDH come out‚ as does Oxygen.
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DESIGN: Research Question What effect does varying the alcohol concentration of yeast have on its fermentation? Introduction Fermentation is the stage during which most CO2 is produced. When no oxygen is available‚ yeast will switch to an alternate metabolic pathway utilizing sugars for energy and producing‚ primarily‚ CO2 and ethanol. Yeast divides rapidly in this phase‚ reaching its carrying capacity (about 50 million cells/ml) in the wort‚ or must‚ and remains suspended
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extreme env. eg. The Dead Sea Thermophiles → live in hot sulfurous water eg. Hot springs at Yellowstone National Park Fungi Cells hv a district nucleus = DNA surrounded by special envelope(lipid membrane) = nuclear membrane unicellular(eg. yeast) / multicellular (eg. Mushrooms‚molds) cell wall of true fungi →compose of chitin 最common fungi → molds(mycelia (bread & fruit) → compose of long hyphae) 吸收nourishment by absorbing sol. of organic material from environment (eg. Soil ‚ seawater)slime
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Cells are joined together to form threads‚ called hyphae. Hyphae contain many nuclei‚ because they are made from many cells. 4. Cell walls are made from chitin (a protein) 5. They store carbohydrates as glycogen. Examples include Mucor and Yeast (which is single celled). Bacteria: 1. Made from single cells 2. Cells do not contain a nucleus‚ but have a small piece of circular DNA instead (a bacterial chromosome). 3. Some bacteria can carry out
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Purpose Name Due Date Clothespin Lab / Muscle Fatigue What are the affects of anaerobic respiration on you muscles? Background Normally‚ muscles use oxygen through a process known as cellular/aerobic respiration to make energy (or ATP) from sugar (glucose). This process is very efficient and produces 38 ATPs for each molecule of glucose. Carbon dioxide and water are the results of this reaction. When muscles undergo rigorous exercise they require more oxygen to make ATP than the
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produced and stored Prokaryotic Cells (plant cells) * Cell wall * Chlorophyll * Cytoplasts: where photosynthesis occurs General Equations:- Photosynthesis: * 6CO2(g) + 6H20(l) +E(solar) -> C6H1206(glucose) + 602(g) Respiration: * C6H1206 + 602(g) -> 6CO2(g) + 6H20(l) + E Metabolism: * Thyroxin: A hormone that controls the bodies metabolic rate‚ released by the thyroic gland. If lack of I2‚ the gland cant release thyroxin and will swell forming a ‘goiter’
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light-dependent reactions‚ dark (light-independent) reactions Previous knowledge: In 6th grade (6-2.7)‚ students summarized the processes required for plant survival (including photosynthesis‚ respiration‚ and transpiration). In 7th grade‚ students explained how cellular processes (including respiration‚ photosynthesis in plants‚ mitosis‚ and waste elimination) are essential to the survival of the organism (7-2.4) and explained how a balanced chemical equation supports the law of conservation
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OF MARATHON RUNNING Anaerobic Stage When we breath‚ our body combines the oxygen with fuel to produce energy‚ the source of fuel are food nutrients such as; protein‚ fat‚ carbohydrates‚ i.e. starch and sugar. The body’s most preferrred fuel for exercises‚ e .g. marathon running are; glucose and fat. This process breaks down glucose into lactic acid C3 O6 H3 and energy as follows: C5 H12 O6 2C3 H6 O3 + energy Anaerobic respiration is a stage of cellular respiration that happens in the absence
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