sludge is further treated in ’sludge digesters’: large heated tanks in which its chemical decomposition is catalysed by microorganisms. The sludge is largely converted to ’biogas’‚ a mixture of CH4 and CO2‚ which is used to generate electricity for the plant. The liquid is treated by bacteria which break down the organic matter remaining in solution. It is then sent to oxidation ponds where heterotrophic bacteria continue the breakdown of the organics and solar UV light destroys the harmful bacteria. The
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also anchor the plant. Some roots have mycorrhizae‚ which increase the surface area and therefore increase the absorption. The endodermis‚ which is the innermost layer of cells in the root cortex‚ surrounds the vascular cylinder. It is the passage of minerals from the cortex into the vascular tissue. The stem has a system of nodes where leaves are attached. They have a waxy coating (epidermis) that prevents water loss. The stem and the roots are the 2 main axes in a vascular plant. Fluids are transported
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Plants need water for photosynthesis but they take in water through their roots so they need to transport the water up the stem to the leaves. Water is taken in by the root hairs because there is a higher water potential in the soil than in the root hairs. Then osmosis occurs to move the water from a cell with high concentration of water to a cell with low concentration through the permeable membrane. Once the water has moved down the concentration gradient it reaches a vessel called a xylem. As
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Biogas Plant The Bio-Gas Plant produces gas from the raw materials of human excreta and cowdung. The residue obtained from the plant is used as the food of fish. It is a system to process livestock wastes into safe‚ high-quality‚ efficient organic fertilizer without exhausting greenhouse gases into the air. These gas plants also contribute to safe-keeping and clean environment by preventing bad odor and contamination of the underground. Furthermore‚ they are capable of generating electric power
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Outline Plant Growth Why it is important How they grow Things That Effect Plant Growth Genetic Factors Type of plant Genes of plant Environmental Factors Temperature Water Sun Light Composition Of Atmosphere Soil Supply of nutrients Growth restricting Water and Temperature That Effect Plant Growth Water Plant growth can be controlled or restricted by the levels of water in the soil. Drainage Uptake
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Thursday‚ October 4th‚ 2012 Tuesday‚ October 9th‚ 2012 Comparing Plant and Animal Cells Abstract The purpose of our lab was to have a better understanding of what are the differences between animal cells and plant cells. Although the cell is the basic unit in both living beings they are not completely alike. For that I have examined and compared human cheek cells to Elodea leaf cells. First‚ I’ve scraped the inside of my cheek with the end of a swab stick to collect the cells then I’ve prepared
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Experiment 5 Analysis of Plant Pigment Purpose: Chromatography is used for separation. In this case the separation of plant pigments. After placing the plant sample in the column the separation will be easy to see and the samples will be analyzed using VIS spectrophotometry. This is used to isolate and identify the different lipids causing the different pigmentations. Introduction: Lipids are chemically diverse substances found in cells. Lipids are water-insoluble‚ structural components
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Khalan A. AP Biology Plants Immune Systems Plants serve as the main source of nutrients for countless organisms such as fungi‚ protists‚ vertebrates‚ and insects. In comparison to humans‚ a plant’s “immune system” is insignificant. However‚ plants have adapted and evolved chemical‚ physical‚ and protein based mechanisms to protect themselves against invaders. A plant’s first line of defense against pathogens is their innate immunity. The “innate-immune system” is a non-specific immune
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Abstract The hypothesis states that plants respire at a faster rate if they are exposed to wind‚ opposed to no wind. This was tested by putting one plant in water in front of a fan and the other plant in water‚ but with no fan. The results showed that the plant in front of the fan transpired more. However‚ since the plant blew cold air it affected the rate of transpiration and altered the experiment. Overall‚ this experiment supports the hypothesis that wind makes plants transpire more.
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Plant Kingdom * Bryophyta * Non-vascular (no xylem or phloem) * Reliance on diffusion and osmosis * Ergo‚ size restriction to damp areas * Reproduce via haploid spores * No roots; rhizoids * No true stems * Possible earliest colonists of land. * Moss‚ liverworts‚ hornworts * Filicinophyta * Seedless (male gamete meets female gametes) * Vascular (xylem carry water and phloem carry nutrients) * Ferns‚ club mosses‚
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