semiconductors in normal temperature. So in the earlier days they are used widely for the manufacturing of electronic components. But later it is found that Germanium has many disadvantages compared to silicon‚ such as large reverse current‚ less stability towards temperature etc so in the industry focused in developing electronic components using silicon wafers Now research people found that Carbon is more advantages than Silicon. By using carbon as the manufacturing material‚ we can achieve smaller
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’s outermost edge is roughly 600 miles above the surface of the earth. Beyond it‚ the airless vacuum of space begins. Oxygen is made up of two oxygen atoms that are bonded together. In the periodic table it is represented by O2. Like oxygen‚ ozone is a gas that is made up of oxygen atoms. However‚ a molecule of ozone is made up of three atoms of oxygen bonded together‚
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into the tube. When the tube is connected to electricity‚ electrons emitted from the tube by the high temperature filament. The electrons moving in collide with the mercury atoms. Such collisions transfer kinetic energy in electrons to the mercury atoms. By absorbing this extra energy‚ the outermost shell electron in mercury atoms jump to a higher energy state‚ which is unstable to stay. A photon is emitted and this excited electron moves back to its original position. According to Planck’s law‚
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fatty acids‚ those being‚ unsaturated and saturated. The group that exhibits the greatest structural variability is amino acids Q: How does the molecular structure of urea suit its biological function? A: The urea contains two nitrogen atoms for every carbon atom; it is soluble very in water‚ this provides the body with a device that can easily remove access nitrogen (waste). Q: Describe the appearance and arrangement of amino acids in a-helix and b-pleated sheet regions of polypeptides. What type
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Unit 4: Carbon Nanostructures Carbon Structures: • Carbon contains six electrons with electronic structure: (1s2)‚ (2s)‚ (2px)‚ (2py)‚ (2pz). Outer s orbital together with three p orbitals form the chemical bonds of carbon with other atoms. • Conventionally‚ solid carbon has two main structures called allotropic forms: diamond and graphite: - Diamond is tetrahedrally bonded through sp3 hybrid bonds that form a 3D network. - Graphite has a layered structure with each layer called graphene formed
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Periodic Classification of Elements Classification of Elements according to electron configuration ( type of subshell being filled) *valence electrons –outer electrons of atom which are those involved in chemical bonding ; accounts for similarities in chemical behavior among elemens within each of this groups * Representative elements/ Main Group elements * Group 1A-7A * Incompletely filled s/ p subshells * Display a wide range of physical and chemical properties
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(how the parts work) Levels of structural organization: There is a hierarchy of structural complexity‚ beginning with the simplest or chemical level and culminating with the highest level-the whole organism Chemical level – atoms (and their parts)‚ and combinations of atoms called molecures Cellular level – cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Tissue level – tissue are groups of similar cells (and their intercellular material)‚ which work together toward a specific function
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instance‚ the famous scientist—Albert Einstein‚ who found the special relativity and led a new century of quantum mechanics‚ had benefited from communication. During the time that he was miserable about how the atom moves and the accurate measurement of both situation and momentum of an atom‚ a meeting among all these forward physical scientists stimulates his genius. Exchanging of others’ attitudes arise up his suspicious of Newton’s classical mechanics. Then he transformed his point to a new hypothesis—which
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been identified as Sm2Ti2O7 from its X-ray diffraction peaks. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron mcroscopy (SEM) studies have been carried out to determine the structural phase and morphological modifications that occur with the change in Zr/Ti ratio. The ferroelectric phase transition temperature (Tc) decreases and increases where as the dielectric constant (ε’) increases and decreases. The saturation polarization Ps (μc/cm2)‚ remnant polarization Pr (μc/cm2) and coercive field Ec
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common system consists of naming the alkyl group followed by the word alcohol. Alcohols may also be classified as primary‚ 1º‚ secondary‚ 2º & tertiary‚ 3º‚ in the same manner as alkyl halides. This terminology refers to alkyl substitution of the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group (colored blue in the illustration). The functional group of the alcohols is the hydroxyl group‚ –OH. Unlike the alkyl halides‚ this group has two reactive covalent bonds‚ the C–O bond and the O–H bond. The electronegativity
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