of the concentration of chlorine ions Aim: To compare the concentration of chloride ions in pool and tap water respectively. Background: Tap water contains a variety of dissolved ions such as Ca2+‚ Mg2+‚ Na+‚ HCO3- and Cl-. In this experiment we will determine the concentration of the Cl- ions‚ and comparing it to the concentration found in a sample of pool water. The method used is the standard one for determining the concentration of chloride ions: titration with silver nitrate
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Chemistry Exam Review Matter and Chemical Bonding Significant Digits All non zero integers are significant ~ 456cm All zeros to the left of the first non zero digit are not significant~ 0.005kg All zeros between non zero digits are significant~ 207.08 km All zeros at the end of a number that has a decimal point are significant ~ 34.070 mg Density Density is a physical property of matter‚ as each element and compound has a unique density associated with it. Density defined in a qualitative
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Bonding structure Metals: metallic bonding Ionic compound (metal +nonmetal): ionic bonding Molecule (nonmetal +nonmetal): covalent bonding 3.1 Metallic Bonding 1) Definition The electrostatic attraction between a lattice if positive ions and delocalized electrons. 2) The strength of metallic bonding (depend on) Delocalized electrons (=valence electrons=Group number) More valence electrons‚ stronger metallic bonding Ionic radii (=distance between nucleus and e-) Greater ionic radius
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Chemical Formula Principles Chemical Formula is a system of chemical notation that was invented in 181 by John Jakob Berzelius. The system is based on the law of definite proportions”‚ states that all samples of a given chemical compound have the same elemental composition. It is also a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound‚ using a single line of chemical element symbols‚ numbers‚ and sometimes also other symbols‚ such as
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Competitive Nucleophiles Introduction: The purpose of this experiment was to compare the relative nucleophilicities of chloride ions and bromide ions in two different reactions. One reaction involved n-butyl alcohol and the other involved t-pentyl alcohol. We performed the reactions and compared the percentages of alkyl chloride and alkyl bromide in the product. To perform this experiment‚ we used methods including heating reaction mixture under reflux‚ extraction using a separatory funnel
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statement below. a. halide ion e. valence electron b. octet rule f. coordination number c. ionic bond g. metallic bond d. electron dot structure ____ 1. an electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom ____ 2. Atoms react so as to acquire the stable electron structure of a noble gas. ____ 3. a depiction of valence electrons around the symbol of an element ____ 4. an anion of chlorine or other halogen ____ 5. the force of attraction binding oppositely charged ions together ____ 6. the
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Unit 18 B Study Guide 1. Find the solubility (in mol/L) of lead(II) chloride (PbCl2) at 25oC. Ksp = 1.62e–5. A) 1.59e–2 B) 2.53e–2 C) 6.64e–17 D) 2.01e–3 E) 2.01e–2 2. The two salts AgX and AgY have very similar solubilities in water. It is known that the salt AgX is much more soluble in acid than is AgY. What can be said about the relative strengths of the acids HX and HY? A) Nothing. B) HY is stronger than HX. C) HX is stronger than HY. D) The acids have equal strengths. E)
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Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to identify the presence of cations and anions in four unknown solutions by identifying whether they are copper‚ silver‚ iron‚ or chloride ions which is done by adding sodium hydroxide‚ solid copper‚ silver nitrate‚ and potassium thiocyanate to the solutions and analyzing the chemical reactions. Introduction: Chemical change‚ unlike physical change is the change in the composition of a substance rather than simply its shape‚ size‚ or state (Marie‚ 2015). Signs
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to receive more electrons in the outer shell to be stable. 1.2 Ionic bonding occurs between metal and non-metal atoms and consists in gaining and losing electrons to reach electron stability. Metal atoms lose electrons (negative charge) becoming ions‚ positively charged. Non-metal atoms gain electrons to achieve electron stability. Sodium has one valence electron in its outer shell‚ so it needs to give that electron away in order to achieve stability. Vice versa‚ Chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons
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VIHS/ Department of Chemistry Chemistry Revision Unit II (Edexcel) (01) a) When lithium nitrate and sodium nitrate are heated separately‚ both decompose giving oxygen gas as one of the products. (i) Which of these two nitrates would decompose at the lower temperature? .........................................................………………………………………….................... (ii) Give the name of any other product formed when sodium nitrate is heated. .....................................................
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