1. Isaac Newton quantified and qualified the laws of motion and gravity. He also invented the reflecting telescope and co-invented the mathematic process of calculus.
2. Albert Einstein developed theories of relativity, and won a Nobel Prize for his work on the photoelectric effect.
3. Galileo Galilei improved on the refracting telescope and discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, but he is most well-known for standing up for Copernican theories of a heliocentric universe against church authority and opposition.
4. Michael Faraday showed how a changing magnetic field can be used to generate an electric current, used today in modern electric generators.
5. Johannes Kepler outlined the three laws of planetary motion and described the motion of planets around the sun as elliptical. Much of Kepler's work laid the groundwork for Newton's discoveries.
6. Archimedes was an ancient Greek, one of the first physicists. He developed many formulas for area of various shapes, and he also worked extensively with levers. In addition, he described the concept of buoyancy and invented Archimedes' screw to raise water.
7. Nikola Tesla championed the alternating current of electric flow, which is the means by which electric current is carried in the modern world. Tesla also improved upon the transformer and the electric bulb, and invented the Tesla coil.
8. Max Planck is known as the father of quantum mechanics, and showed how the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency.
9. James Maxwell developed equations for electromagnetism and the kinetic theory of gases, and predicted that there were types of radiation beyond visible light.
10. Marie Curie discovered radioactivity and isolated plutonium and