Chapter 17 Vocab: 16th And 17th Century
Chapter 17 vocab. * Treaty of Westphalia – Ended thirty years war in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion – either Protestant or Catholic. * English Civil War – Conflict between 1640 to 1660; featured religious disputes mixed with constitutional issues concerning the powers of monarchy; ended with restoration of the monarchy in 1660 following execution of previous king. * Proletariat – Class of working people without access to producing property; typically manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agricultural economy, or urban poor; in Europe, product of economic changes of 16th and 17th centuries. * Witchcraft persecution – Reflected resentment against poor, uncertainties about religious truth; resulted in death of over 100,000 Europeans between 1590 and 1650; particularly common in Protestant areas.
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* Scientific Revolution – Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. * Copernicus – Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. * Johannes Kepler – (1571 – 1630) Was and astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution.
* Galileo – Published Copernicus’s findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. * William Harvey – English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump. * Francis Bacon – (1561-1626) Was and English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist. He was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method. * Rene’ Descartes – Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. * Isaac Newton – (1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principals of motion; defined forces of
gravity. * Absolute Monarchy – Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. * Louis XIV – (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. * Glorious Revolution – English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. * Parliamentary monarchy – Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliament. * Frederick the Great – Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. * Enlightenment – Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. * Adam Smith –Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. * Denis Diderot – (1713-1784) A French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia. * Mary Wollstonecraft – (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. * Mass consumerism – Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several pre-modern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward.
* Scientific Revolution – Culminated in 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted in change in traditional beliefs of Middle Ages. * Copernicus – Polish monk and astronomer (16th century); disproved Hellenistic belief that the earth was at the center of the universe. * Johannes Kepler – (1571 – 1630) Was and astronomer and mathematician who was a prominent figure in the scientific revolution.
* Galileo – Published Copernicus’s findings (17th century); added own discoveries concerning laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work. * William Harvey – English physician (17th century) who demonstrated circular movement of blood in animals, function of heart as a pump. * Francis Bacon – (1561-1626) Was and English philosopher, statesman, author, and scientist. He was an influential member of the scientific revolution, and is best known for work on the scientific method. * Rene’ Descartes – Established importance of skeptical review of all received wisdom (17th century); argued that human reason could then develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature. * Isaac Newton – (1643-1727) English scientist; author of Principia; drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a neat framework of natural laws; established principals of motion; defined forces of
gravity. * Absolute Monarchy – Concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies. * Louis XIV – (1638-1715) French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy. * Glorious Revolution – English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation of parliament as having basic sovereignty over the king. * Parliamentary monarchy – Originated in England and Holland, 17th century, with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliament. * Frederick the Great – Prussian king of the 18th century; attempted to introduce enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion; increased state control of economy. * Enlightenment – Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior. * Adam Smith –Established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulation of economy in favor of the operation of market forces. * Denis Diderot – (1713-1784) A French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia. * Mary Wollstonecraft – (1759-1797) Enlightenment feminist thinker in England; argued that new political rights should extend to women. * Mass consumerism – Refers to the spread of deep interest in acquiring material goods and services spreading below elite levels, along with a growing economic capacity to afford some of these goods. While hints of mass consumerism can be found in several pre-modern societies, it developed most clearly, beginning in Western Europe, from the 18th century onward.