AP Biology: The Six Most Macromolecules
Summer Assignment – AP Biology – Chapters 2-5
Chapter 2 1. CHNOPS are the six most crucial elements in most macromolecules. Name them. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur.
2. Create a chart and state how many bonds each of the CHNOPS elements can form. Carbon | Hydrogen | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Phosphorous | Sulfur | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 or 5 | 2 |
3. Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast polar covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
4. Why is water a polar molecule? Draw a water molecule and show the δ+ and δ- poles. Water is a polar molecule because electrons in a water molecule are not shared equally, and electrons are more strongly attracted to and spend more time orbiting …show more content…
around oxygen atoms because oxygen has a bigger electronegativity differencce than hydrogen. Therefore, oxygen molecules have a slight negative charge, and hydrogen molecules have a slight positive charge.
5. How are hydrogen (H) bonds and Van der Waals interactions similar and different?
6. What is the most common molecule to find H bonds? Water.
7. Draw one central water molecule, and show how this can H bond with four additional water molecules.
8. Write out the equations for photosynthesis. Indicate the products and reactancts. 6CO2 + 6H20 (reactants) C6H12O6 + 6O2 (products)
Chapter 3 1. Why would you not see two water molecules arranged as shown below?
Since the hydrogen molecules are slightly positive and the oxygen molecules are slightly negative, they are attracted to each other. Two negatively charged oxygen molecules are not attracted to each other because they both have the same charge and will repel each other.
2. What are the four major properties of water? Cohesive/ adhesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat and evaporative cooling, expansion upon freezing (density), and universal solventa ability.
3. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? On what structural property of water are both dependent? Cohesion is the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds (co= together or “to share”). Adhesion is the attraction between different kinds of molecules. (think “adhesive” like tape or glue= bonds to a completely different thing). They are both dependent on hydrogen bonding formed between between two different water molecules.
4.
Why is surface tension associated with cohesion and not adhesion? At the surface of the water, there is an ordered arrangement of water molecules that are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to the water BELOW, not the air above the water. This has a result of pulling the water molecules “down” away from the air-water interface.
5. Use the properties cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, evaporative cooling, expansion upon freezing, and universal solvent ability to create a chart that has the following information: property of water, effects of this property, and how this can be seen in nature.
6. Something that is hydrophobic will not dissolve in water. Explain why it does not and give an example of a hydrophobic substance. Hydropobic substances will not dissolve/ dissocaite in water because they are nonionic, nonpolar, or cannot form hydrogen bonds for some other reason. A hydrophobic substance’s behavior results the wide-spreadness of relatively nonpolar bonds, which don’t bond well with water, a polar molecule and a hydrphilic substance. Nonpolar covalent bonds are all sharing electrons equally, so there are no positive or negative poles to create attraction. Some examples of hydrophobic substances include: oil, butter, tar, gasoline, and anything else oily or oil
based.
7. The phrase “like dissolves like” is often used in biology and chemistry. In terms of being hydrophilic and hydrophobic, what does this mean? Hydrophilic substances will only dissolve other hydrophilic substances, and hydrophobic substances will only dissolve other hydrophobic substances. If the substance dissolves in water, it is hydrophilic.
8. If you got tar (oil) on your foot at the beach, why would water NOT be the best substance to remove it? Oil is a hydrophobic substance and does not bond well with or dissociate in water, a hydrophilic substance. Therefore, water would not do anything to the tar. You would want the same kind of solvent for the same kind of solute.
9. Water can temporarily dissociate. Explain the difference between a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion. A hydronium ion (H3O+) gains the H+ ion that the hydroxide ion (OH-) loses. Hydronium is the temporary addition of a H+ ion to an H20 molecule. To do this, another H20 molecule must lose an H+ ion, forming an OH- ion.
10. How is the pH scale determined? Which ion is being measured/ used? pH= “power of hydrogen” is based on the concentration of H+/ OH- ions in soution. Generally, we refer more to the H+ concentration (also written [H+] where “[]” mean “concentration of”. The H+ ion is being measured.
Chapter 4 1. Describe the structural isomer. Same formula for each molecule (ex: C5H12 for both) but the arrangement of CARBON atoms will differ. The overall structure of the molecule has changed.
2. Describe the geometric isomer. Generally occurs AROUND a carbon double (or triple) bonded to another carbon. The carbon arrangement is the same, but the arrangement of atoms around the carbon bonds is different. This gives it a different geometry. Again, the formula is the same.
3. Describe the enantiomer isomer. They are mirror image isomers. If they were folded in on each other, the atoms would match. When the atoms are side-by-side, they do not match.
Chapter 5 1. Create a chart or Venn Diagram to compare and contrast dehydration synthesis (condensation) reactions and hydrolysis.
2. Chart on the three polymer macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. Lipids are NOT considered polymers but ARE considered macromolecules. What is the difference between a polymer and a lipid? A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. Macromolecules are simply “large” molecules but do not have to be polymers. Lipids are large molecules but do NOT have repeating subunits of the same monomers.
4. Protein Structure- Proteins are found in all levels/ aspects of biology. Describe each of the four levels of protein structure.
* Primary (1º)- linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds. Has an N-terminus and a C-terminus (named for the functional group that “hangs” off the end). A polypeptide only. This is a protein’s unique sequence of amino acids. * Secondary (2º)- twisting or folding into either an a- helix (alpha helix) or a β- sheet (beta sheet). Interactions at this level are hydrogen bonds. A polypeptide only. * Tertiary (3º)- Further folding that involves multiple types of interactions/ bonds including ionic bonds, disulfide bridges (two sulfur atoms of adjacent amino acids form a single bond), more hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. A polypeptide only. * Quaternary (4º)- Final structure that USUALLY involves more than tertiary chains (there are exceptions- but not many- where the tertiary and quaternary are the same with a single chain). This is the FINAL protein.
5. What are the four different types of R-groups (general categories) for amino acids? Nonpolar/ hydrophobic, polar/ hydrophilic, acidic (electrically charged), basic (electrically charged).
Chapter 2 1. CHNOPS are the six most crucial elements in most macromolecules. Name them. Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur.
2. Create a chart and state how many bonds each of the CHNOPS elements can form. Carbon | Hydrogen | Nitrogen | Oxygen | Phosphorous | Sulfur | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 or 5 | 2 |
3. Create a Venn Diagram to compare and contrast polar covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.
4. Why is water a polar molecule? Draw a water molecule and show the δ+ and δ- poles. Water is a polar molecule because electrons in a water molecule are not shared equally, and electrons are more strongly attracted to and spend more time orbiting …show more content…
around oxygen atoms because oxygen has a bigger electronegativity differencce than hydrogen. Therefore, oxygen molecules have a slight negative charge, and hydrogen molecules have a slight positive charge.
5. How are hydrogen (H) bonds and Van der Waals interactions similar and different?
6. What is the most common molecule to find H bonds? Water.
7. Draw one central water molecule, and show how this can H bond with four additional water molecules.
8. Write out the equations for photosynthesis. Indicate the products and reactancts. 6CO2 + 6H20 (reactants) C6H12O6 + 6O2 (products)
Chapter 3 1. Why would you not see two water molecules arranged as shown below?
Since the hydrogen molecules are slightly positive and the oxygen molecules are slightly negative, they are attracted to each other. Two negatively charged oxygen molecules are not attracted to each other because they both have the same charge and will repel each other.
2. What are the four major properties of water? Cohesive/ adhesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat and evaporative cooling, expansion upon freezing (density), and universal solventa ability.
3. What is the difference between cohesion and adhesion? On what structural property of water are both dependent? Cohesion is the binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds (co= together or “to share”). Adhesion is the attraction between different kinds of molecules. (think “adhesive” like tape or glue= bonds to a completely different thing). They are both dependent on hydrogen bonding formed between between two different water molecules.
4.
Why is surface tension associated with cohesion and not adhesion? At the surface of the water, there is an ordered arrangement of water molecules that are hydrogen-bonded to each other and to the water BELOW, not the air above the water. This has a result of pulling the water molecules “down” away from the air-water interface.
5. Use the properties cohesion, adhesion, high specific heat, evaporative cooling, expansion upon freezing, and universal solvent ability to create a chart that has the following information: property of water, effects of this property, and how this can be seen in nature.
6. Something that is hydrophobic will not dissolve in water. Explain why it does not and give an example of a hydrophobic substance. Hydropobic substances will not dissolve/ dissocaite in water because they are nonionic, nonpolar, or cannot form hydrogen bonds for some other reason. A hydrophobic substance’s behavior results the wide-spreadness of relatively nonpolar bonds, which don’t bond well with water, a polar molecule and a hydrphilic substance. Nonpolar covalent bonds are all sharing electrons equally, so there are no positive or negative poles to create attraction. Some examples of hydrophobic substances include: oil, butter, tar, gasoline, and anything else oily or oil
based.
7. The phrase “like dissolves like” is often used in biology and chemistry. In terms of being hydrophilic and hydrophobic, what does this mean? Hydrophilic substances will only dissolve other hydrophilic substances, and hydrophobic substances will only dissolve other hydrophobic substances. If the substance dissolves in water, it is hydrophilic.
8. If you got tar (oil) on your foot at the beach, why would water NOT be the best substance to remove it? Oil is a hydrophobic substance and does not bond well with or dissociate in water, a hydrophilic substance. Therefore, water would not do anything to the tar. You would want the same kind of solvent for the same kind of solute.
9. Water can temporarily dissociate. Explain the difference between a hydronium ion and a hydroxide ion. A hydronium ion (H3O+) gains the H+ ion that the hydroxide ion (OH-) loses. Hydronium is the temporary addition of a H+ ion to an H20 molecule. To do this, another H20 molecule must lose an H+ ion, forming an OH- ion.
10. How is the pH scale determined? Which ion is being measured/ used? pH= “power of hydrogen” is based on the concentration of H+/ OH- ions in soution. Generally, we refer more to the H+ concentration (also written [H+] where “[]” mean “concentration of”. The H+ ion is being measured.
Chapter 4 1. Describe the structural isomer. Same formula for each molecule (ex: C5H12 for both) but the arrangement of CARBON atoms will differ. The overall structure of the molecule has changed.
2. Describe the geometric isomer. Generally occurs AROUND a carbon double (or triple) bonded to another carbon. The carbon arrangement is the same, but the arrangement of atoms around the carbon bonds is different. This gives it a different geometry. Again, the formula is the same.
3. Describe the enantiomer isomer. They are mirror image isomers. If they were folded in on each other, the atoms would match. When the atoms are side-by-side, they do not match.
Chapter 5 1. Create a chart or Venn Diagram to compare and contrast dehydration synthesis (condensation) reactions and hydrolysis.
2. Chart on the three polymer macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. Lipids are NOT considered polymers but ARE considered macromolecules. What is the difference between a polymer and a lipid? A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. Macromolecules are simply “large” molecules but do not have to be polymers. Lipids are large molecules but do NOT have repeating subunits of the same monomers.
4. Protein Structure- Proteins are found in all levels/ aspects of biology. Describe each of the four levels of protein structure.
* Primary (1º)- linkage of amino acids by peptide bonds. Has an N-terminus and a C-terminus (named for the functional group that “hangs” off the end). A polypeptide only. This is a protein’s unique sequence of amino acids. * Secondary (2º)- twisting or folding into either an a- helix (alpha helix) or a β- sheet (beta sheet). Interactions at this level are hydrogen bonds. A polypeptide only. * Tertiary (3º)- Further folding that involves multiple types of interactions/ bonds including ionic bonds, disulfide bridges (two sulfur atoms of adjacent amino acids form a single bond), more hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces. A polypeptide only. * Quaternary (4º)- Final structure that USUALLY involves more than tertiary chains (there are exceptions- but not many- where the tertiary and quaternary are the same with a single chain). This is the FINAL protein.
5. What are the four different types of R-groups (general categories) for amino acids? Nonpolar/ hydrophobic, polar/ hydrophilic, acidic (electrically charged), basic (electrically charged).