Affirmitive Action: Reverse Discrimination
Baker 1
Jennifer Baker
Reverse Discrimination
Even though slavery has not been a part of America for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960’s to try and promote racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. At first this sounds like a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse.
The term “affirmative action” was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order designed to encourage racially mixed work forces. He stated that contractors should “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.” (Affirmative Action)
Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists continued to argue that minorities weren’t going to be able to compete with the more qualified applicants after having suffered discrimination for so long. So in 1969 President Nixon made it a federal policy that a certain percentage of minorities must be hired in the workplace. Quickly affirmative
Baker 2 action changed from being a policy that ensured equal opportunity to being one that gave unfair advantages to minorities.
Affirmative action has remained controversial throughout the years, finding itself in and out of the courts. One of the most famous cases was Fullilove vs. Klutznick, which took place in 1980. The ruling stated that setting aside 10 percent of the hiring for minorities was constitutional. Fortunately in 1996 proposition 209 was passed in California which ended affirmative action throughout the state. This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative action still linger. Many
Jennifer Baker
Reverse Discrimination
Even though slavery has not been a part of America for over a century now, racial discrimination still exists in various parts of our culture. A controversial policy known as affirmative action was introduced in the 1960’s to try and promote racial equality in society. Affirmative action is supposed to give minorities an equal chance in life by requiring minority employment, promotions, college acceptance, etc. At first this sounds like a perfect solution to racial discrimination, but in reality it is discrimination in reverse.
The term “affirmative action” was first used back in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy in an executive order designed to encourage racially mixed work forces. He stated that contractors should “take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed without regard to race, creed, color, or national origin.” (Affirmative Action)
Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists continued to argue that minorities weren’t going to be able to compete with the more qualified applicants after having suffered discrimination for so long. So in 1969 President Nixon made it a federal policy that a certain percentage of minorities must be hired in the workplace. Quickly affirmative
Baker 2 action changed from being a policy that ensured equal opportunity to being one that gave unfair advantages to minorities.
Affirmative action has remained controversial throughout the years, finding itself in and out of the courts. One of the most famous cases was Fullilove vs. Klutznick, which took place in 1980. The ruling stated that setting aside 10 percent of the hiring for minorities was constitutional. Fortunately in 1996 proposition 209 was passed in California which ended affirmative action throughout the state. This was definitely a breakthrough, but the effects of affirmative action still linger. Many
Bibliography: Bergmann, Barbara R. In Defense of Affirmative Action. New York: BasicBooks, 1996. Bowen, William G., Derek Bok. The Shape of the River. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998. Browne- Miller, Angela. Shameful Admissions. San Francisco: Jossey- Bass Inc., Publishers, 1996. Carter, Stephen L. Reflections of an Affirmative Action Baby. New York: BasicBooks, 1991. Glazer, Nathan Gross, Barry R. Discrimination in Reverse. New York: New York University Press, 1978. Mills, Nicolaus. Debating Affirmative Action. New York: Dell Publishing, 1994. Pasuor, Ernest. Affirmative Action: A Counterproductive Policy. Affirmative Action and Diversity Project- UCSB 5 October 2000. Sobel, Lester A. Quotas and Affirmative Action. New York: Facts On File, 1980. Wilson, H.W. Affirmative Action. Ed. Robert Emmet Long. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company, 1996.