airline reservation system
Thermal Energy Equipment: Furnaces and Refractories
FURNACES AND REFRACTORIES
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1
2. TYPES OF FURNACES, REFRACTORIES AND INSULATION ................. 5
3. ASSESSMENT OF FURNACES ................................................................................. 18
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITES .......................................................... 27
5. OPTIONS CHECKLIST ................................................................................................ 35
6. WORKSHEETS.............................................................................................................. 35
7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 36
1. INTRODUCTION
This section introduces furnaces and refractories and explains the various design and operation aspects. 1.1 What is a furnace?
A furnace is an equipment used to melt metals for casting or to heat materials to change their shape (e.g. rolling, forging) or properties (heat treatment).
Since flue gases from the fuel come in direct contact with the materials, the type of fuel chosen is important. For example, some materials will not tolerate sulphur in the fuel. Solid fuels generate particulate matter, which will interfere the materials placed inside the furnace. For this reason:
Most furnaces use liquid fuel, gaseous fuel or electricity as energy input.
Induction and arc furnaces use electricity to melt steel and cast iron.
Melting furnaces for nonferrous materials use fuel oil.
Oil-fired furnaces mostly use furnace oil, especially for reheating and heat treatment of materials. Light diesel oil (LDO) is used in furnaces where sulphur is undesirable.
Furnace ideally should heat as much of material as possible to a uniform temperature with the least possible fuel and labor.
FURNACES AND REFRACTORIES
1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1
2. TYPES OF FURNACES, REFRACTORIES AND INSULATION ................. 5
3. ASSESSMENT OF FURNACES ................................................................................. 18
4. ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPORTUNITES .......................................................... 27
5. OPTIONS CHECKLIST ................................................................................................ 35
6. WORKSHEETS.............................................................................................................. 35
7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 36
1. INTRODUCTION
This section introduces furnaces and refractories and explains the various design and operation aspects. 1.1 What is a furnace?
A furnace is an equipment used to melt metals for casting or to heat materials to change their shape (e.g. rolling, forging) or properties (heat treatment).
Since flue gases from the fuel come in direct contact with the materials, the type of fuel chosen is important. For example, some materials will not tolerate sulphur in the fuel. Solid fuels generate particulate matter, which will interfere the materials placed inside the furnace. For this reason:
Most furnaces use liquid fuel, gaseous fuel or electricity as energy input.
Induction and arc furnaces use electricity to melt steel and cast iron.
Melting furnaces for nonferrous materials use fuel oil.
Oil-fired furnaces mostly use furnace oil, especially for reheating and heat treatment of materials. Light diesel oil (LDO) is used in furnaces where sulphur is undesirable.
Furnace ideally should heat as much of material as possible to a uniform temperature with the least possible fuel and labor.
References: Continuous Steel Reheating Furnaces: Specification Design and Equipment. 1993. Gilchrist J. D. Fuels, Furnaces and Refractories, Pergamon Press, 1977 Vladimir B Ginzburg, Flat Rolling Fundamentals, provided by Marcel Dekker through the Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special