A Thesis
Presented to
The Faculty of Graduate Studies
Of
The University of Guelph
by
Benjamin J. Chapman
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
February, 2005
( Benjamin Chapman, 2005
Abstract
An evaluation of an on-farm food safety program for Ontario greenhouse vegetable producers; a global blueprint for fruit and vegetable producers
Benjamin J. Chapman
University of Guelph, 2005
Advisor:
Professor Douglas A. Powell
Fresh fruits and vegetables have been increasingly linked to cases of foodborne illness. Many produce farmers have implemented on-farm food safety strategies, employing good agricultural practices focusing on water, handling and sanitation to reduce risk. An illustrative case study to examine implementation trends was developed through the examination of current on-farm food safety issues and programs, with specific focus on the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers ' (OGVG) hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP)- based initiative. In 2003, OGVG 's 200 members had a combined farm-gate value of $350 million and represented 41 per cent of North American greenhouse vegetable production. Program implementation barriers identified included: perceived costs of participation, the priority of food safety management; and, management/employee relationships. Effective implementation was size-neutral and value was obtained through market access. Produce industry stakeholders can apply the results of this research and create a template to be used in similar extension activities.
Acknowledgements
For the past four years of my life, food safety conversations followed me wherever I go. I 've discussed it at the dinner table with family at Thanksgiving; on a road trip to Atlantic City with friends; at a bar following a pick-up hockey
References: Altimore, M. 1982. The social construction of a scientific controversy: Comments on press coverage of the recombinant DNA debate. Science, Technology & Human Values. 41: 24-31. Altman, L.K. 1996. Outbreak of intestinal infection baffles health experts. New York Times. June 20, 1996. A14. Bartz, J.A. 1982. Infiltration of tomatoes immersed at different temperatures to different depths in suspensions of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora. Plant Disease. 66:302-305. Bartz, J.A., and R.K. Showalter. 1981. Infiltration of tomatoes by aqueous bacterial suspensions. Phytopathology. 71: 515-518. Bauman, H. 1990. HACCP: Concept, development, and application. Food Technology. 44:156-158. Bean N.H. and Griffin P.M. 1990. Foodborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1973-1987: pathogens, vehicles, and trends. Journal of Food Protection. 53: 804-17. Berg, B. L. 2001. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Allyn & Bacon, Inc. Toronto. 304 pp. Beuchat, L.R. 1996. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. Journal of Food Protection. 59: 204-216. Beuchat, L.R. 1998. Surface decontamination of fruits and vegetables eaten raw: a review. WHO/FSF/FOS/Publication 98.2. World Health Organization. Geneva. 49pp. Beuchat, L.R. 2002. Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes and Infection. 4: 413-423. Beuchat, L.R., and Ryu, J. 1997. Produce handling and processing practices. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3: 459-465. Beuchat, L.R., Nail, B.V., Adler, B.B. and Clavero, M.R.S. 1998. Efficacy of spray application of chlorinated water in killing pathogenic bacteria on raw apples, tomatoes, and lettuce. Journal of Food Protection. 61: 1305-1311. Bracket, R.E. 1999. Incidence, contributing factors, and control of bacterial pathogens in produce. Postharvest Biology and Technology. 15: 305-311. Brethour, P. and Harding, K. 2005. Longer U.S. ban feared over new mad-cow case. Globe and Mail. January 12, 2005. A1. Brethour, P. 2003. Beef buyers wooed with cut-rate prices: industry urges shoppers to buy Canadian. Globe and Mail. July 19, 2003. A4 Bryar, P Bryar, P.J. 1999. Experiences with implementing HACCP based QA programs in the horticultural sector. Presented August 11, 1999 at: 6th Australian HACCP Conference. Sydney, Australia. Burnett, S.L., Chen. J. and Beuchat, L.R. 2000. Attachment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to the surfaces and internal structures of apples as detected by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 66: 4679-4687. Caswell, J.A. and Johnson, G.V. 1991. Firm strategic response to food safety and nutrition regulation. In: Economics of Food Safety. ed Caswell, J.A. New York: Elsevier. 356pp. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2002. Outbreak alert 2002: closing the gaps in our federal food-safety net. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Washington. 64pp. Center for Science in the Public Interest. 2004. Outbreak alert 2004: closing the gaps in our federal food-safety net. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Washington. 24pp. Codex Alimentarius Commission . 1997. Principles for the establishment and application of microbiological criteria for foods. CAC/GL 21 - 1997. Codex Alimentarius Commission . 1999. Recommended international code of practice general principles of food hygiene. CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 3 (1997), Amended 1999. Covello, V. 1992. Trust and credibility in risk communication. Health & Environment Digest. 6:1-5. Covello, V.T. and Merkhofer, M.W. 1994. Risk Assessment Methods. Plenum Press, New York. 319 pp. Cribb, R. 2000. Special report: dirty dining; many cities release restaurant reports; why can 't Toronto; there 's nothing world class about city 's food safety and industry training record. Toronto Star. February 20, 2000. A6. Datta, L. 1990. Case study evaluations. U.S. General Accounting Office transfer paper 10.1.9. Washington D.C. Dunwoody, S. 1993. Telling public stories about risk. In: National Agricultural Biotechnology Council 5. Agricultural Biotechnology: A Public Conversation About Risk. ed. MacDonald, J. F. National Agricultural Biotechnology Council, Ithaca, NY. 135pp. Durant, J. and Lindsey, N. 2000. The great GM food debate - a survey of media coverage in the first half of 1999. London, Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, Report 138. 61 pp. Environics Research Group Limited. 1999. Safe food handling study:A report for Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Retrieved December 2, 2004 from: http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/corpaffr/publications/1998environics/study_texte.shtml. Environics Research Group. 2001. Secondary Analysis of Public Opinion Research Regarding Genetically Modified Food and Related Biotechnology Issues. Retrieved December 7, 2004 from: http://cbac.gc.ca/documents/Environics_Published_English.pdf Esch, M Evans, W and Priest, S. H. 1995. Science content and social context. Public Understanding of Science. 4: 327-340. FAO/WHO. 1995. The application of risk analysis to food standards issues. Geneva. March 13- 17. Retrieved March 16, 2004 from: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/micro/march1995/en/. Fischhoff, B., Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Derby, S.L. and Keeney, R.L. 1981. Acceptable risk. New York: Cambridge University Press. 185pp. Fischoff, B. and Downs, J.S. 1997. Communicating foodborne disease risk. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 3: 489-495. Geldreich, E.E., and Bordner, R.H. 1970. Fecal contamination of fruits and vegetables during cultivation and processing for market. A review. American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting. April 26, 1970. Boston, Mass. USA. Gerken, C. 2001. Branded meat programs. Proceedings of the 54th Reciprocal Meat Conference. Retrieved November 16, 2004 from: http://www.meatscience.org/meetings/RMC/2001/default.asp. Golden, E.. 1996. Berry Scare. Associated Press. June 28, 1996. Gonzalez, R.J., Luo, Y., Ruiz-Cruz, S. and McVoyb, J.L. 2004. Efficacy of sanitizers to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on fresh-cut carrot shreds under simulated process water conditions. Journal of Food Protection 67: 2375–2380.