ancient rome

Formative influences
1. Phoenicians were traders and the greatest colonies they had was Carthage and when the home land fell to the Persian. Carthage became the greatest city.
2. Greeks they colonized near Sicily and the closet colony to Rome was Napal. They had a huge influence on literacy but the influence was not direct
3. Etruscans had the largest influences on Rome but no one knows where they came from, much like Greeks they had city-states. Were superior in metal working, had great resources for trade and had great weapons. They grew to over come Rome for a time. They’re art was an represtation on their life. Much more opportunity for women, much more freedom, the family tree was traces through the more. They adopted the Greek alphabet. They made sacrifice a part of religious life, they would sacrifice not only animals but humans as well. Sometimes an animal would fight a human. Divination was the way they figured out the will of the Gods. They would look a flight of birds and the inside of animals most important part of the animal was the liver.
4. All three were in constant war but none of them could ever get ahead and in the end of the 6th century they had come to a stand still.

Political structure
• In the beginning Rome was a farming land built on 7 different hills it was located on the Tiber river it didn’t set on the coast, but they did have a port on the river.
• Rome had a king. The king led them to war, festivals and the first king was more than likely an Etruscans. When the king led the army into battle he an absolute command something the romans called imperium. o There was a council of 100 aristocrats who gave counsel to the king o There was also an assembly to give the people a voice and the assembly was broken up into 30 wards. The assembly was restricted on the fact they could only discuss issue given to them and if you were not called upon you were not allowed to speak.
Social institution
• They basic institution was the nuclear family. Marriage was for life in early Rome. The father was known as the paterfamilias he was in control of the entire household. In legal aspects the wife was seen as a child. If a father saw fit that his son was rebellious or was fit he had the right to execute him. o Related family was known as a Gens, it was where you received your identify and your name. Your Gens was where you received your social statas.
• There was two social classes in Rome the Patriciah who was the aristocrats and the plebein were the lower social class no aristocrats
• The gap between the classes was helped bridged from the patriciah ( patron (us)) and the plebeian (client) and they would make business and legal help

Religion
• The Romans were very religious, prayers, temples, rituals. The were polytheism
• They practiced syncretism –taking other religious ideas and practices and made them their own.
• Roman religion was practical there was no spiritual guidance the Gods were there to bless or curse. It was up to the romans to find out what the Gods were doing and to alter their lives around that. Quid pro quo- I scratch your back you scratch mine. Like the Greek faith it didn’t teach morals or ethics.
• The chief God Jupiter who was the Greek equivalent of Zeus
• There was a state school for priest they were called pontifex they bridged the gap between the humans and the Gods.

Conquest of Italy
• Gallic Wars- A later historian wrote about the Romans The romans are never more terrible than in defeat. In 390 they pulled themselves reconstructing Rome, and taking over northern Italy and in 340 they controlled both central and northern Italy.
• The Romans might have been content at this time, but in the next century. The got involved with the Samnites who hated the Romans. The Samnites defeated the Romans but the Romans did not give up they keep fighting and eventually held off the Samnites.
• They would stay on one enemy at a time defeat them and then move on.
• King Pyrrhus was a sort of Greek and he ruled over a land in Albania named Epirus. some King Pyrrhus realized that his victory as so costly that they were of no value
• By 264 Rome is ruling over the entire peninsula of Italy

Keys to Roman Success
• When they fought and went to war they were motivated by fear. They thought if they didn’t fight they would be wiped out.
• They fought with a divine sense of approval they thought that they were doing what the Gods wanted them to do.
• The loyalty and discipline was key to the victories of the Romans this loyalty and discipline was found in the Roman family husband and wife loyal to each other and children were disciplined.
• Military organization was very cable and very adaptable. They had to change their military formation when they fought the Samnites. So they changed from the phanllex to the Maniple formation because they were now fighting on broken terrain. Also adapted their weaponry. They tended to use larger weapons, but they more tough to use. So they shortened their swords and they called these new swords Gladius. It allowed for better work up close. It was easier to move and use. The roman was organized in legions it had 5000 footmen and 300 on Calvary on horseback. They first line was footmen and they threw spears. The next line was full body soldiers who had swords and the third line was older soldiers who were on horseback
• When they took over an area they would introduce a new administration to the conquered people. The romans were good road builders. They roads were built for the romans soldiers and the conquered people realized that roads help the merchants make more money. The romans treated subjects differently. If you didn’t rebel against the Romans who would be treated gently and awarded. If you hated the romans, they could be quite harsh and people realize it help to work with the romans.

ROME 264-133 B.C.
• In 264 Rome went to war with Carthledge for the first time and went to war with them three times and these were called the Punic Wars. The second Punic was the largest. The enemy of Rome exscpically in the second war was Hannibal.
• Carthledge were always intersected in making money. they had trade all over, they even sailed over into northern Europe. Was a wealthy city.
• Carthledge was a oligarchy. They had two suffetes who were elected and a council called the gerousia who counseled the suffets
• Carthledge had no army of citizens. They hired their armies. and they thought their citizens were to good to use in the army.
• They dominated the western part of Sicily.
• The carthledge religion was phocians. They worshiped Bail and they sacrificed humans

Punic wars
• The first one started in 264 and lasted 26 years . They fought in Sicily. The Carthledge ran into the city and the romans built forts around the city to cut off access to food. The romans realized that they were resupplying their selves with food by sea.
• The romans set to build a navy. The early times the romans fought on sea the Carthagians laughed at them because the romans did not know how to build ships and then the Carthagians hit the romans ship and sacked it.
• The romans invented something called a corvos. If they could get close enough to a carthagians ship they would throw the corvos onto the carthagians ship and the two ships would be connected and the romans would climb onboard with swords.
• The first punic wars showed roman adaptability and strength and that they would pay any price to win. Carathgians were worried about money and how much they war was going to cost them.
• After the romans were able to take down the carhhledge navy supremacy the Romans won the first Puinc War in 241.
• The romans got three Island the most important was Sicily.
• The romans forced on the Carthledge a peace treaty that did not allow the carthagians to have a navy.

The second Punic war
• Was Huge
• In ancient times was a illustration of a supreme power conflict o Rome and Carthledge was two huge world powers
• The war would tax both cities to the limit
• After the first war Carthledge turned their attention to Spain. They poured all their resources into Spain to help build up Spain resources. The main who led this was Hamilcar Barca. After he dies his son took over in leading his name Hannibal Carthledge Strengths: money, resources of Spain
• Romans Strengths: Man power, navel supremacy o Weakness: struggle with leadership.
• Romans told Carthledge that they could do what ever they wanted west of the Ebro River but they couldn’t pass the river. Romans thought the Carthledge has attacked a city north of the river so they declared war.
• Hannibal waited through the summer of 218 for Rome to send their army to Spain. The Rome army didn’t make it in time so Hannibal had to leave. And he headed to Italy to make it to the Alps.He arrived in Italy in late august in 218 and later that year Hannibal met the roman Army and he destroyed them. Roman army lost about 2/3 army (66%)
• In 217 the roman army send another army and Hannibal faked that he was on the run from them so he had the roman strung out upon Trasimene River and as they where spread out the carthgains attacked and slaughtered. They lost about 25,000 romans. A man named Fabius maxiamus and he said that Hannibal was to dangerous and they were not to fight him in open battle so for the rest of 217 they delayed Hannibal. Hannibal was making he way south to southern Italy and along the way he was starting revolt against the romans.
• In 216 Romans face Hannibal one more time. They combined two armies they met on August 2, 216 it was known as the battle of Cannae. In this battle Hannibal he able to surround both romans armies. This was their worst defeat yet. They lost all their men expect 15,000 men. And lost one of their constult. The ordered all women in doors. The other constult was rewarded for not backing down. They started to do human sacrifice (slaves) on the walls on Rome. They also armed their slaves.
• Rome was afraid that Hannibal would attack on Rome and he would have expect that he would never have enough men to attack the city itself.
• Although Hannibal stayed in Italy for another dozen years Rome never fought Hannibal in battle again.
• Carthgians government also wouldn’t give him more money for more men.
• When Hannibal left spain he left his brother Hasdrubal in charge and Hannibal and Hasdrubal try to join their armies together to walk on Rome.
• Hasdrubal was defeated in northern Italy and he head was sent to Hannibal to show that the romans had defeated him.
• In Africa Hannibal and a roman man named Scipio fight and Scipio army wins. And Carthage and Rome sign a peace treaty. Carthage was not allowed to have a army except to defend the city and Rome got Spain

Third Punic War
• Even though carthage was now defeated there were some in Rome who was still afraid of carthage especially a man named cao.
• In 149 the romans found an excuse to say that carthage had broke the treaty and roman sent an army to carthage to defeat them it took him three years to break down the wall and then slaughter the inside.

Effects of second Punic wars on Rome
• Huge loss of life and not just the armies but the romans as well and property
• Because of the loss roman agriculture was changed. Before the wars they had Latifundia which was a plantation after the wars these plantation had no owners so the wealthy took them up.
• In politics the senate became in charge the wealthy
• After Carthage Rome had no enemy in the west. They did in the east.

Roman expansion in the east
• After alexander died in 323 his kingdom became split into two Hellenistic kingdoms one was in Egypt who was ruled by Ptolemy and one in Sicily who was ruled by Seleucus and one in the met. who was ruled by Antigonus
• Compared to the Romans the Hellenistic kingdom were much more wealthy and more into literature and physiology
• During the second Punic war the king of Antigonus was king Philip the fifth. And during 197 rome fought with him and when they defeated him they told Philip to stay out of Greece.
• Antiochus II was pushing west ward tring to expand Alexander empire they people went to rome asking for help since they don’t want to be taken over and in 189 the battle of Magnesia they face Antiochus II and helping him was Hannibal. And Rome defeated Antiochus and Rome wanted Hannibal dead but he commited suicde

The romans in 146 sacked the city of Cornith to teach the Greeks a lesson.
They also started to move into Asia Minor.
It took Rome many generations to take over Spain.

Hellenistic culture in Rome were far more advance than the romans literature, culturally, and way of living.
Greeks had a larger impact on other culture than other culture did on Greek.
Roman armies brought back sculpture, painting, books that they had stolen from the Greeks and Wealthy Romans got used to this way of living and even had personnel chiefs.
Greek slaves became tutor they were literate slaves who were taught
Romans started to copy Greek entertainment, plays and poetry
Romans started to have a bigger sense of education like the Greeks and a bigger emphasize on grammar.
Romans still did not believe in Greek religion and their way of thinking.

Epicureanism said that there was no after life and humans did not have souls and so humans should take as much pleasure as long as they are alive Romans could not believe this.

Some romans started to participate in homosexuality and divorce began to become more common

Decline and Fall of the Republic 133-43 B.C.
Political economic and social conditions
• Political – because of the second Punic war the senate and the wealthy people became more powerful and less people were represented.
• Romans didn’t let conquered states keep their navy but they didn’t keep control of the Met. So piracy became a problem.
• Economic- Roman had trade set up all over. As romans became more wealthy they started to use their money to show off and they wasted it. Also because of their money it showed jealous side of the lesser people.
• A new class started in Rome named Equestrian and they did not own land they were businessmen and therefore could not be in the senate.
• Romans agriculture became more scientific were there was hundreds of slaves working the grounds.
• Social- the wealthy just became more wealthy and it created a larger gap between classes also because of the wealthy Romans became more egotistical.
The Gracchi
• Was a true blooded family of Rome.
• Tiberius had been a leader in Rome and saw what happen like when peoples homes were taken for farming and military disaster and thought that the whole problem was not enough land for the regular romans and that the wealthy had to much land.
• Tiberius ran for the office of Tribute and was elected in 133 and had a law passed and it said if you own more than 600 acres of public land. Who had to surrendered to the city and that land would be given to the landless. People who didn’t like him bribed another tribute and got him to veto Tiberius law. He went against law and ran for the tribute even thought this was against the law. But other people saw him as becoming an tyrant.
• Gauis his younger brother ran for tribute in 125-122 and went again for land distribution. Also he saw that grain in the markets would be sold for half price. And the Basically it was the concepts of Food Stamps. He promoted colonization by sending people to other colony also proposed that they should colonize Carthage and riot broke out and Gaius was killed on the streets on Rome
• The equestrian class had a stronger identity
• All their concern was for Roman people so other people who lived under Roman rule were very unhappy
• Politics in Rome became a winner takes all concept
• The death of the brothers showed that they had to take up armor and it became okay for Romans to fight other Romans.

Marius to Sulla
Marius was elected in 107 and represented the equestrian class
Marius would look for men standing around doing nothing and put them in his army, he then would train them mostly gladiatorial style. The legion they got put became more loyal and was a unit or family
Land given to veterans stopped in 150.
He was reelected in 104 -100

A. By 90 B.C. the Italian allies stuck by roman and had been with them for centenaries but after all these years Rome would not extend the right of citizenship. Italy then broke away and claimed they’re own citizenship. Rome seeing how serious they were Rome gave citizenship to any area of Italy who had not broken away
2.Sullia was elected consulate in 88 B.C. and Marius warned the people that this was a bad idea.
3. Rome has now been splintering for generations and when Sullia comes back in 85 B.C. Italy was in a civil war. This was the first time Rome had fought against themselves.
4. The office of Dictator was open for him. It allowed the senate to put the power on one man and the power could last know more 6 months. It went about fixing Rome. Sullia took the path of destroying his enemy and he began killing people on a large scale. Sullia posted proscription list of people who he thought was a threat to Rome and if you killed these people it was not illegal and if you killed one of them you got to take their property
5. He issued many reforms and the were designed to keep the power in the hands of the conservative. He abolished the power of the tribute, he put age limits on election, and was scared of the masses. Sullia was seeking to turn back the clock and put the oligarchy back in power like the beginning of Rome. If the romans had maintained the lack of love for luxury and not self intersect and kept their original values they may not have had the downfall they had.
6. Sullia retires in 79 B.C.

Fall of the Republic
1. Political Evolution
2. Pompey the Great and Cicero
3. Julius Caesar and the first Triumvirate
4. Civil War 49-45 B.C.
5. Julius Caesar as a Dictator
6. Crassus- was wealthy man and because of his wealth he was able to buy power. Seeing the popularity that winning wars could bring you Crassus became the commander that went into the Parthian Empire and was killed in battle

The Augustan Age and Pax Roman 43 B.C -192 A.D
1. Augustan Age
a. Octavian (Augustus) and his rise to power- By the time he arrived on the scene Rome had been in civil conflict for generations now. Romans are so tired of War so they wanted to accept peace at any price. And the price of peace was their freedom. Octavian settled peace and when he took over Octavian made sure that publicly he was never seen like his uncle. He was elected tribute, build up ancient Rome faith and rebuild the temples. Octavian let the senate stay in power over the public treasury. When they took over Egypt he became Octavian own private territory and the revenue that came from Egypt was put in own personnel account.
b. Octavian let the senate stay in power some what. He conducted a carful time with the senate and he offered to resign. But they ask him to stay in power.
c. Octavian took two titles Augustus was not a name he was seen as a awesome person like movie star(Romans did not believe that men could became divine ) the second title was Princeps meaning first citizen. So his government was called a principate
d. The army was about 2 million people. Most of the army was posted on the Danu River