Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract The spread of antibiotic resistance is a universal threat to both humans and animals for treatment of microbial infections. The antibiotic resistance is generally not preventable but can still be controlled. Prolonged and repeated use of antibiotic leads to many pathogen becoming resistant to antibiotics. The resistance may be either intrinsic or acquired depending on the condition. Although classically attributed to chromosomal mutations, resistance is most commonly associated with extra-chromosomal elements acquired from other bacteria in the environment. These include different types of mobile DNA segments, such as plasmids, transposons, and integrons. However, intrinsic mechanisms not commonly specified by mobile elements such as efflux pumps that expel multiple kinds of antibiotic are now recognized as major contributors to multidrug resistance in bacteria. Once established, multidrug resistance is a worldwide problem that does not obey international borders and can indiscriminately affect members of all socioeconomic classes. So, the issue of antibiotic resistant is one the most urgent priorities to overcome in the field of Human Health Science.

Keywords: Antibiotic, intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance, mutation, plasmid, intergorns, efflux pump.

INTRODUCTION
It is said that the invention of the antibiotic is the most pioneer achievement of humans against the bacterial infections in the human health science. The first antibiotic appeared in 1928 by Alexander Flaming that is penicillin which kill all surrounding bacteria. And thus, the concept of antibiotic came and it changed the method of infection treatment. The word ‘Antibiotic’ was first termed by the Selman Waksman. But the problem came that is Antibiotic resistance. As a natural response, antibiotic resistance emerges in pathogen populations. Resistance is a condition in which the antibiotic fails to harm the pathogen enough to cure disease. Emergence of resistance often

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