Ap Government

Civil Liberties | Freedoms guaranteed to individuals | Civil rights | Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals. | Establishment clause | The first clause in the First Amendment, which prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion. | Free- exercise clause | the second clause of the 1st Amendment; prohibits the U.S. government from interfering with a citizen's right to practice his or her religion | Strict scrutiny | A standard used by the Supreme Court in deciding whether a law or policy is to be adjudged constitutional or not | Free-expression clause | The press and speech clauses of the 1st Amendment. | Prior restraint | Censorship before publication | Clear and present danger test | a means by which the Supreme Court has distinguished between speech as the advocacy of ideas, which is protected by the First Amendment, and speech as incitement, which is not protected | Fighting words | Speech that is not protected by the First Amendment because it inflicts injury or tends to incite an immediate disturbance of the peace. | Public figures | People who assume roles of prominence in society or thrust themselves to the forefront of public controversy | Bill of attainder | A law that pronounces an individual guilty of a crime without a trial | Ex post facto laws | laws that declare an action to be illegal after it has been committed | Obligation of contracts | The obligation of the parties to a contract to carry out its terms | Miranda warnings | Statements concerning rights that police are required to make to a person before he or she is subjected to in-custody questioning | Exclusionary rule | the judicial rule that states that evidence obtained in an illegal search and seizure cannot be used in trial | Good faith exception | An exception to the Supreme Court exclusionary rule, holding that evidence seized on the basis of a