Ap World Ch 19
Ch. 19 – Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500--1750
I. The Ottoman Empire
Expansion and Frontiers
1. Osman established the Ottoman Empire in northwestern Anatolia in 1300. He & his successors consolidated control over Anatolia.
2. Egypt and Syria were added to the empire in 1516—1517. Suleiman the Magnificent conquered much of eastern Europe.
3. The Ottoman Empire fought w/Venice for two centuries as it attempted to exert its control over the Mediterranean.
Central Institutions
1. The Ottomans came to rely upon Janissaries (captured Christian men) who fought on foot and were armed w/guns. In the early 15th century, the Ottomans began to recruit the Janissaries & for positions in the bureaucracy through the system called devshirme – a levy on male Christian children.
2. The Ottoman Empire was a cosmopolitan society in which Osmanli-speaking, tax-exempt military class (askeri) served the sultan as soldiers & bureaucrats. The common people – Christians, Jews, and Muslims – were referred to as the raya (flock of sheep).
Crisis of the Military State
1. The increasing importance and expense of firearms meant that the size & cost of the Janissaries increased over time. New World silver brought inflation & undermined the purchasing power of the landholding Turkish cavalry. 2. Financial deterioration & the use of short-term mercenary soldiers brought a wave of rebellions and banditry to Anatolia.
Economic Change & Growing Weakness, 1650 – 1750
1. The period of crisis led to significant changes in Ottoman institutions. The affairs of government were now in the hands of chief administrators, the devshirme was discontinued, and the Janissaries became a hereditary elite who spent more time on crafts and trade than on military training. 2. In rural areas, the system of land grants for military service had been replaced by a system of tax farming. Rural administrators came to depend on powerful
I. The Ottoman Empire
Expansion and Frontiers
1. Osman established the Ottoman Empire in northwestern Anatolia in 1300. He & his successors consolidated control over Anatolia.
2. Egypt and Syria were added to the empire in 1516—1517. Suleiman the Magnificent conquered much of eastern Europe.
3. The Ottoman Empire fought w/Venice for two centuries as it attempted to exert its control over the Mediterranean.
Central Institutions
1. The Ottomans came to rely upon Janissaries (captured Christian men) who fought on foot and were armed w/guns. In the early 15th century, the Ottomans began to recruit the Janissaries & for positions in the bureaucracy through the system called devshirme – a levy on male Christian children.
2. The Ottoman Empire was a cosmopolitan society in which Osmanli-speaking, tax-exempt military class (askeri) served the sultan as soldiers & bureaucrats. The common people – Christians, Jews, and Muslims – were referred to as the raya (flock of sheep).
Crisis of the Military State
1. The increasing importance and expense of firearms meant that the size & cost of the Janissaries increased over time. New World silver brought inflation & undermined the purchasing power of the landholding Turkish cavalry. 2. Financial deterioration & the use of short-term mercenary soldiers brought a wave of rebellions and banditry to Anatolia.
Economic Change & Growing Weakness, 1650 – 1750
1. The period of crisis led to significant changes in Ottoman institutions. The affairs of government were now in the hands of chief administrators, the devshirme was discontinued, and the Janissaries became a hereditary elite who spent more time on crafts and trade than on military training. 2. In rural areas, the system of land grants for military service had been replaced by a system of tax farming. Rural administrators came to depend on powerful