Apush Chapter 2 Summary
APUSH STUDY GUIDE
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CHAPTER 1
Juan Ponce de Leon- looked for fountain of youth in Florida. Died by an Indian Arrow
Francisco Coronado- Looked for "golden cities" which were actually pueblos. Went to Arizona and New Mexico. Found the Grand Canyon and large "herds" of buffalo
John Cabot- Explored northeastern America (1497-1498). English sent him known as Giovanni Caboto (Not entirely sure if he was English himself)
Treaty of Tordesillas- Spain celebrated Columbus’s arrival in America by taking of lot of land in North America. They compensated the Portuguese with some parts of Asia and Africa and also Brazil.
Iroquois Confederacy- Composed of several tribes and nations of the natives in North America. Had extreme political and military skills that made them feared among other natives and even the colonists.
Encomienda- Allowed Government to "give" Indians to colonists in hopes of Christianizing them. Was actually slavery.
CHAPTER 2
Powhatan(Group or chief? Did both.)- Is a name of an Indian confederation of tribes that were located in Virginia. Chief Powhatan united 30 tribes to form this confederacy. Interacted with Jamestown colonists whom among them were captain john smith. They essentially helped the colonists survived and created the story of …show more content…
Pocahontas (whom was real and helped Smith)
Handsome Lake- Was a Seneca Indian whom played a major role in reviving traditional religion among various Indians including the Iroquois confederacy. Colonization caused a great loss of culture so his religious beliefs greatly benefited the pessimistic Indians. Was known as a prophet.
Lord Baltimore- Leader of the catholic "haven" colony of Maryland. Promoted the act of toleration (1689). This act only applied to Christian religions and was targeted to help the many Catholics in his colony.
James Oglethorpe- Founder of the colony of Georgia. Very keen social reformer. He was very eager for prison reform. He came up with the prison idea in Georgia, but the main part was that Georgia existed as a buffer between British Colonies and Spanish Florida.
Francis Drake- an extremely famous English explorer. Knighted by Queen Elizabeth. Carried out the second circumnavigation of the world. Found "new ablion" in the region of the pacific coast of North America that was believed to have been in present-day northern California.
William Penn- Founder of the colony of largely Quaker Pennsylvania. Was an early champion of religious freedom and democracy. Extremely notable for his good relations with the natives(lenapes) in the surrounding area. Under his direction established the city of Philadelphia. (Not in book: Wrote the Frame of government which would serve as an inspiration for the united states Constitution. He urged for the union of all colonies.)
Elizabeth I- Prominent Female Queen Of England. Deeply Protestant (which was why some religious minorities left England). Sponsored many voyages in the New World especially with Francis Drake.
Joint-Stock Company- Also known as the Virginia Company of London. Received a charter from James I of England for a settlement in the New World. Determined to find a passage through america to the indies. Only intended to endure for a few years after of which its stockholders would liquidate it for profit. Caused the seeds of a future nation to grow. No one expected them to eventually colonize and create JamesTown.
Yeoman- Small landowning family farmers(were basically lower class farmers). Were typically found in the south and definitely out-powered by the large plantation owners.They were subsistence farmers which meant they farmed to feed not to profit. Some people such as Thomas Jefferson argued that yeoman formed the foundation of Republican values.
Maryland Act of Toleration- Occurred in 1689. Applied to most forms of christianity. Mainly hoped by Baltimore to help the catholics in his colony.
Virginia Company - (Basically joint stock company) am i rite or no
Indentured Servitude- Involved debted Europeans seeking passage to America. Were typically servants for long periods of time doing a large variety of work for their owners. Were involved in head-right system. They typically had nowhere to go after finishing their debts. Eventually lead to events such as Bacon's rebellion and rise of slaves in America.
Jamestown- First permanent English Settlement in America. The settlers here predictably suffered but eventually prospered later on. Brought first cash crop of tobacco to England. Showed how people could live in the New World despite being so far away
Powhatan's Confederacy-(Look above, already did it)
Quakers- Deeply religious pacifist Christians. Advocated toleration and freedom as well as democracy. Largely resided in Pennsylvania. Great relationships with natives. Focused on education and abolition of slavery. Didn't participate in Revolutionary War but were known as Patriots still.
CHAPTER 3
Anne Hutchinson- Was originally part of a puritan colony in massachusetts. Broke away and became her own religion because of her different Ideals. She even preached her ideals She was eventually sent to Rhode Island and exiled from the largely Puritan controlled governments of Massachusetts. She remains as the earliest forms of advocacy for religious tolerance.
Roger Williams- One of the early founders of Rhode Island. Similar to Pennsylvania was very tolerant and had good relations with natives. Williams was an early advocate of religious freedom and the separation of religion and state.
John Winthrop- Wealthy English Puritan and one of the leading leaders in the founding of the puritan colony of massachusetts. Served as governor for 12 years. He wasn't an advocate of Democracy and believed in a religious hierarchy. Was a conservative.
William and Mary (Reign beginning 1689)- Ended the glorious revolution with their joint reign and the founding of the English Bill of Rights. Lead to more democracy and cooperation especially with parliament in England. Their reign also somewhat inspired colonists to pursue for their own individual rights against james II in the revolution.
Predestination- particularly seen in Calvinism. Stated that god already willed damnation or heaven for everyone on earth. Conflicted with religions that said faith and actions would determine your place in the afterlife.
Antinomianism- States that faith alone is the only thing necessary to salvation. There was no need for moral law(the differentiation from what was right and wrong) Anne Hutchinson deeply expressed this belief and was exiled by the puritans for this.
Covenant- I have no idea what this is and the index doesnt record it fix it later please.
Salutary Neglect- England's policy (never an official treaty or agreement it was simply a method used) England believed that if they didn't interact and enforce with the colonies, the colonies would economically flourish. Most commonly associated with this is the very lenient trade and ship laws that Britain had on the colonies before any sign of conflict.
Massachusetts Bay Company- Largely Puritan colony also controlled by Puritan Leaders. First seen in the region of plymouth. Massachusetts had ok relations with natives and had a good economic status. Somewhat intolerant towards non-puritans.
Calvinist- Protestant religion with different christianic views. Believed in the supreme power of god as well predestination which only god's grace could save you. People were already chosen from birth whether they had salvation so actions didn't mean much
Navigation Laws- were a sequence of 29 laws that restricted the colonies in america's trade with other countries than Britain. English deeply wanted profit and to beat other countries. Included the molasses act of 1733. Forced the colonist to buy sugar from the British rather than the French West indies. British sugar was more expensive. Set to expire in 1763 but was renewed as the Sugar act in 1764. These laws definitely caused civil unrest in the colonies.
Great Migration - This term generally refers to the mass movement of Puritans from Europe to Massachusetts in North America. Came in family groups.
French Huguenots - Basically French Protestants who differentiated from the Largely Catholic majority in France. Most avoided prosecution by moving to other countries including the 13 colonies.
New Amsterdam- Dutch settlement that eventually became New York City. British forces seized control. (Please add more on this topic)
New Sweden- A swedish colony along the Delaware river on mid-atlantic coast of north america. New Sweden included parts of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Many Swedish, Dutch, and Finns came here. Swedish brought log cabins which would be used in american culture and living.
Plymouth Bay- retains historical Significance for landing at plymouth rock in 1620. Pilgrims aboard mayflower hoped to establish first permanent Northern European Settlement in North America
Dutchification- I need clarification for this but i think it is on pg 57??? In google, it says that it’s the process of turning things Dutch...I dunno if this is right though.
Chapter 4
William Bradford- Governor of Rhode Island and created one of the earliest forms of democracy in North America
Nathaniel Bacon- The Leader of Bacon’s Rebellion(1676).
Deeply hated the natives who were attacking him and eventually went on a massacre. He resided on the Virginia Frontier. Eventually made “The Declaration of the People of Virginia”. Which criticized Governor Berkeley’s administration(virginia governor). It said that Berkeley failed to protect the farmer’s from the numerous native attacks. After months of conflict, Bacon and his group burned Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676. Bacon himself eventually died of inflammation in the intestine known as Dysentery which also ended the rebellion.(Sorry for the large information, but 99% sure bacon’s rebellion will be on
test)
William Berkeley- Appointed governor of Virginia by King Charles I whom he was a favorite. He had friendly policies toward the surrounding native Americans that eventually lead to Bacon’s rebellion. Charles II(dad) recalled him back to England in the aftermath of the Rebellion
Headright System - In order to solve labor shortages, Virginia was looking for new ways to increase colonial population to sustain tobacco economy. They then created the headright system, a legal grant of land to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer (indentured servant). The system was later used in other colonies as well. This led to an increase of white indentured servant, a growing population, and less available land.
Bacon’s Rebellion - Freed indentured servants had no land opened for them, so they were forced to settle in the backcountry, where the Indians resided. The “bachelors” suffered constant Indian attacks and the government did nothing to prevent them from doing so. Enraged, the bachelors formed a rebellion, burning down Indian villages and attacking them, but not the government (This could be due to racial feelings towards the Indians). This event led to the fear of indentured servants, where landowners eventually turned to black slavery.
Middle Passage- Was the triangular trade where many to be African Slaves were sent to the New World. European ships left Europe and went to Africa where they traded their manufactured goods for the slaves. The slaves were then transported across the Atlantic where they were sold for more raw materials which would then be transported back to Europe thus giving profit (see Triangular Trade)
Yankee Ingenuity- Was a term to describe the productive and self-reliant colonists in the New World. It describes an attitude of improvisation, adaption, and the overcoming of struggles when lacking materials.
Witch-Hunting- Played off in America due to the deeply religious and superstitious Puritans. The most famous incident was the “Salem Witch Trials” in Puritan controlled Massachusetts.150 people were arrested and imprisoned. 19 people were executed and 2 dogs were killed for being accomplices. All of this was caused by the mass hysteria and panic that people had begun. People were reluctant to immediately accuse their neighbors of committing witchery.
CHAPTER 5
John Peter Zenger- German- American journalist in New York City. Was a defendant in “The Zenger Trial”. He urged for the freedom of press in 1735 and defended by Alexander Hamilton. The case was tried in 1735, 50 years before the Bill Of Rights was established. It showed the liberal idea and basic common rights people were already urging for pre-dating the revolutionary war.
Jonathan Edwards- was a famous preacher and theologian. Widely considered to America’s most important philosophical theologian. Played a critical role in the shaping of the Great Awakening. Delivered the famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. Known for his great expressive speeches detailing the dangers and fires of hell as well as the raw power of God.
Benjamin Franklin-
Triangular Trade - Was the middle passage where many to be African Slaves were sent to the New World. European ships left Europe and went to Africa where they traded their manufactured goods for the slaves. The slaves were then transported across the Atlantic where they were sold for more raw materials that would then be transported back to Europe thus giving profit (see Middle Passage)
Bold → add more info
CHAPTER 1
Juan Ponce de Leon- looked for fountain of youth in Florida. Died by an Indian Arrow
Francisco Coronado- Looked for "golden cities" which were actually pueblos. Went to Arizona and New Mexico. Found the Grand Canyon and large "herds" of buffalo
John Cabot- Explored northeastern America (1497-1498). English sent him known as Giovanni Caboto (Not entirely sure if he was English himself)
Treaty of Tordesillas- Spain celebrated Columbus’s arrival in America by taking of lot of land in North America. They compensated the Portuguese with some parts of Asia and Africa and also Brazil.
Iroquois Confederacy- Composed of several tribes and nations of the natives in North America. Had extreme political and military skills that made them feared among other natives and even the colonists.
Encomienda- Allowed Government to "give" Indians to colonists in hopes of Christianizing them. Was actually slavery.
CHAPTER 2
Powhatan(Group or chief? Did both.)- Is a name of an Indian confederation of tribes that were located in Virginia. Chief Powhatan united 30 tribes to form this confederacy. Interacted with Jamestown colonists whom among them were captain john smith. They essentially helped the colonists survived and created the story of …show more content…
Pocahontas (whom was real and helped Smith)
Handsome Lake- Was a Seneca Indian whom played a major role in reviving traditional religion among various Indians including the Iroquois confederacy. Colonization caused a great loss of culture so his religious beliefs greatly benefited the pessimistic Indians. Was known as a prophet.
Lord Baltimore- Leader of the catholic "haven" colony of Maryland. Promoted the act of toleration (1689). This act only applied to Christian religions and was targeted to help the many Catholics in his colony.
James Oglethorpe- Founder of the colony of Georgia. Very keen social reformer. He was very eager for prison reform. He came up with the prison idea in Georgia, but the main part was that Georgia existed as a buffer between British Colonies and Spanish Florida.
Francis Drake- an extremely famous English explorer. Knighted by Queen Elizabeth. Carried out the second circumnavigation of the world. Found "new ablion" in the region of the pacific coast of North America that was believed to have been in present-day northern California.
William Penn- Founder of the colony of largely Quaker Pennsylvania. Was an early champion of religious freedom and democracy. Extremely notable for his good relations with the natives(lenapes) in the surrounding area. Under his direction established the city of Philadelphia. (Not in book: Wrote the Frame of government which would serve as an inspiration for the united states Constitution. He urged for the union of all colonies.)
Elizabeth I- Prominent Female Queen Of England. Deeply Protestant (which was why some religious minorities left England). Sponsored many voyages in the New World especially with Francis Drake.
Joint-Stock Company- Also known as the Virginia Company of London. Received a charter from James I of England for a settlement in the New World. Determined to find a passage through america to the indies. Only intended to endure for a few years after of which its stockholders would liquidate it for profit. Caused the seeds of a future nation to grow. No one expected them to eventually colonize and create JamesTown.
Yeoman- Small landowning family farmers(were basically lower class farmers). Were typically found in the south and definitely out-powered by the large plantation owners.They were subsistence farmers which meant they farmed to feed not to profit. Some people such as Thomas Jefferson argued that yeoman formed the foundation of Republican values.
Maryland Act of Toleration- Occurred in 1689. Applied to most forms of christianity. Mainly hoped by Baltimore to help the catholics in his colony.
Virginia Company - (Basically joint stock company) am i rite or no
Indentured Servitude- Involved debted Europeans seeking passage to America. Were typically servants for long periods of time doing a large variety of work for their owners. Were involved in head-right system. They typically had nowhere to go after finishing their debts. Eventually lead to events such as Bacon's rebellion and rise of slaves in America.
Jamestown- First permanent English Settlement in America. The settlers here predictably suffered but eventually prospered later on. Brought first cash crop of tobacco to England. Showed how people could live in the New World despite being so far away
Powhatan's Confederacy-(Look above, already did it)
Quakers- Deeply religious pacifist Christians. Advocated toleration and freedom as well as democracy. Largely resided in Pennsylvania. Great relationships with natives. Focused on education and abolition of slavery. Didn't participate in Revolutionary War but were known as Patriots still.
CHAPTER 3
Anne Hutchinson- Was originally part of a puritan colony in massachusetts. Broke away and became her own religion because of her different Ideals. She even preached her ideals She was eventually sent to Rhode Island and exiled from the largely Puritan controlled governments of Massachusetts. She remains as the earliest forms of advocacy for religious tolerance.
Roger Williams- One of the early founders of Rhode Island. Similar to Pennsylvania was very tolerant and had good relations with natives. Williams was an early advocate of religious freedom and the separation of religion and state.
John Winthrop- Wealthy English Puritan and one of the leading leaders in the founding of the puritan colony of massachusetts. Served as governor for 12 years. He wasn't an advocate of Democracy and believed in a religious hierarchy. Was a conservative.
William and Mary (Reign beginning 1689)- Ended the glorious revolution with their joint reign and the founding of the English Bill of Rights. Lead to more democracy and cooperation especially with parliament in England. Their reign also somewhat inspired colonists to pursue for their own individual rights against james II in the revolution.
Predestination- particularly seen in Calvinism. Stated that god already willed damnation or heaven for everyone on earth. Conflicted with religions that said faith and actions would determine your place in the afterlife.
Antinomianism- States that faith alone is the only thing necessary to salvation. There was no need for moral law(the differentiation from what was right and wrong) Anne Hutchinson deeply expressed this belief and was exiled by the puritans for this.
Covenant- I have no idea what this is and the index doesnt record it fix it later please.
Salutary Neglect- England's policy (never an official treaty or agreement it was simply a method used) England believed that if they didn't interact and enforce with the colonies, the colonies would economically flourish. Most commonly associated with this is the very lenient trade and ship laws that Britain had on the colonies before any sign of conflict.
Massachusetts Bay Company- Largely Puritan colony also controlled by Puritan Leaders. First seen in the region of plymouth. Massachusetts had ok relations with natives and had a good economic status. Somewhat intolerant towards non-puritans.
Calvinist- Protestant religion with different christianic views. Believed in the supreme power of god as well predestination which only god's grace could save you. People were already chosen from birth whether they had salvation so actions didn't mean much
Navigation Laws- were a sequence of 29 laws that restricted the colonies in america's trade with other countries than Britain. English deeply wanted profit and to beat other countries. Included the molasses act of 1733. Forced the colonist to buy sugar from the British rather than the French West indies. British sugar was more expensive. Set to expire in 1763 but was renewed as the Sugar act in 1764. These laws definitely caused civil unrest in the colonies.
Great Migration - This term generally refers to the mass movement of Puritans from Europe to Massachusetts in North America. Came in family groups.
French Huguenots - Basically French Protestants who differentiated from the Largely Catholic majority in France. Most avoided prosecution by moving to other countries including the 13 colonies.
New Amsterdam- Dutch settlement that eventually became New York City. British forces seized control. (Please add more on this topic)
New Sweden- A swedish colony along the Delaware river on mid-atlantic coast of north america. New Sweden included parts of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Many Swedish, Dutch, and Finns came here. Swedish brought log cabins which would be used in american culture and living.
Plymouth Bay- retains historical Significance for landing at plymouth rock in 1620. Pilgrims aboard mayflower hoped to establish first permanent Northern European Settlement in North America
Dutchification- I need clarification for this but i think it is on pg 57??? In google, it says that it’s the process of turning things Dutch...I dunno if this is right though.
Chapter 4
William Bradford- Governor of Rhode Island and created one of the earliest forms of democracy in North America
Nathaniel Bacon- The Leader of Bacon’s Rebellion(1676).
Deeply hated the natives who were attacking him and eventually went on a massacre. He resided on the Virginia Frontier. Eventually made “The Declaration of the People of Virginia”. Which criticized Governor Berkeley’s administration(virginia governor). It said that Berkeley failed to protect the farmer’s from the numerous native attacks. After months of conflict, Bacon and his group burned Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676. Bacon himself eventually died of inflammation in the intestine known as Dysentery which also ended the rebellion.(Sorry for the large information, but 99% sure bacon’s rebellion will be on
test)
William Berkeley- Appointed governor of Virginia by King Charles I whom he was a favorite. He had friendly policies toward the surrounding native Americans that eventually lead to Bacon’s rebellion. Charles II(dad) recalled him back to England in the aftermath of the Rebellion
Headright System - In order to solve labor shortages, Virginia was looking for new ways to increase colonial population to sustain tobacco economy. They then created the headright system, a legal grant of land to anyone who would pay for the transportation costs of a laborer (indentured servant). The system was later used in other colonies as well. This led to an increase of white indentured servant, a growing population, and less available land.
Bacon’s Rebellion - Freed indentured servants had no land opened for them, so they were forced to settle in the backcountry, where the Indians resided. The “bachelors” suffered constant Indian attacks and the government did nothing to prevent them from doing so. Enraged, the bachelors formed a rebellion, burning down Indian villages and attacking them, but not the government (This could be due to racial feelings towards the Indians). This event led to the fear of indentured servants, where landowners eventually turned to black slavery.
Middle Passage- Was the triangular trade where many to be African Slaves were sent to the New World. European ships left Europe and went to Africa where they traded their manufactured goods for the slaves. The slaves were then transported across the Atlantic where they were sold for more raw materials which would then be transported back to Europe thus giving profit (see Triangular Trade)
Yankee Ingenuity- Was a term to describe the productive and self-reliant colonists in the New World. It describes an attitude of improvisation, adaption, and the overcoming of struggles when lacking materials.
Witch-Hunting- Played off in America due to the deeply religious and superstitious Puritans. The most famous incident was the “Salem Witch Trials” in Puritan controlled Massachusetts.150 people were arrested and imprisoned. 19 people were executed and 2 dogs were killed for being accomplices. All of this was caused by the mass hysteria and panic that people had begun. People were reluctant to immediately accuse their neighbors of committing witchery.
CHAPTER 5
John Peter Zenger- German- American journalist in New York City. Was a defendant in “The Zenger Trial”. He urged for the freedom of press in 1735 and defended by Alexander Hamilton. The case was tried in 1735, 50 years before the Bill Of Rights was established. It showed the liberal idea and basic common rights people were already urging for pre-dating the revolutionary war.
Jonathan Edwards- was a famous preacher and theologian. Widely considered to America’s most important philosophical theologian. Played a critical role in the shaping of the Great Awakening. Delivered the famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”. Known for his great expressive speeches detailing the dangers and fires of hell as well as the raw power of God.
Benjamin Franklin-
Triangular Trade - Was the middle passage where many to be African Slaves were sent to the New World. European ships left Europe and went to Africa where they traded their manufactured goods for the slaves. The slaves were then transported across the Atlantic where they were sold for more raw materials that would then be transported back to Europe thus giving profit (see Middle Passage)