Apush Chapter 5 Outline

Chapter 5; Roads to Revolution Outline
Introduction
1. Boston massacre a. March 5, 1770 b. Crowd of poor/working class Bostonians protesting British soldiers abusive treatment of an apprentice c. British troops killed 5, wounded 6 d. One of many events that led to bad relationship with England/American colonists 2. 1763 England tightened control over its colonies, igniting rebellion e. Colonists were shocked, believed English were trying to take away the colonists independence/prosperity 3. Many different types of people were attracted to the resistance f. In port cities poorer colonists often had violent demonstrations against British officials g. Colonists in backcountry resisted large landowners and colonial government h. More and more colonists defied the elites i. Many women were involved in colonial resistance j. Blacks and Indians had varied views when it came to resistance 4. Resistance was peaceful until 1775 k. Before tactics included legislative revolutions and commercial boycotts l. Although demonstrations became violent, very few colonists died until the battles of Lexington and concord
The Triumph of the British Empire, 1750-1763 1. A fragile peace, 1750-1754 a. King George’s war failed to establish either England or France as the dominate power b. 7 years’ war (1756-1763) constituted a major turning point in history c. Ohio valley was a place of conflict i. Competing claims by Virginia, Pennsylvania, France, Iroquois, and the Indians who already lived there ii. French began building forts there in 1753 iii. 1754 France drove George Washington and his troops out of Ohio valley d. Albany Plan iv. 1754 delegates from 7 colonies met in Albany to make plans for mutual defense with Indians v. Virtually all Indians in Ohio supported French vi. Albany plan was a proposal for a colonial federation based on the ideas of ben franklin and Thomas Hutchinson vii. Plan called for grand council representing all colonial assemblies, w/ a crown appointed executive officer viii. Grand council would make policies regarding military defense and Indian affairs, and demand funds from the colonies ix. The plan failed, but became precedent for later American unity 2. The 7 years’ war in America, 1754-1760 e. Virtual state of war in north America because of Washington’s clash with French in 1754 f. In response, England dispatched General Edward Braddock and 1000 troops to Ohio to seize fort Duquesne g. July 9, 1755 850 French, Canadians, Indians ambushed Braddock’s force of 2200 9 mi. east of Fort Duquesne, Braddock’s troops retreated h. 900 on British side died, compared to just 23 on French/Indian side i. French armed natives attacked encroaching English settlers in western Pennsylvania. Maryland, and Virginia, these attacks halted English expansion and prevented these colonies from joining England in war against France j. French and Indians took fort Oswego in 1756 and fort William Henry in 1757 k. By 1757 England seemed to be facing defeat l. Tides turned for the British x. 1758 Iroquois and most Ohio Indians signed treaty to abandon support of the French, enabling England to capture fort Duquesne xi. Some Indians even joined England fighting xii. William Pitt took control of military affairs, reinvigorated British patriotism 1. Was symbol of what Americans/British could become once united 2. Mobilized colonial soldiers, promised them that if they fought parliament would pay for the war 3. 1758-59 colonists gathered 40,000 troops xiii. By 1759 French were driven out of New York, Quebec fell xiv. 1760 French resistance ended when Montréal surrendered 3. The end of French North America, 1760-1763 m. 1762 France made last attempt to take newfoundland xv. Failed, so France entered negotiations with enemies n. 1763 treaty of Paris ended the 7 years’ war xvi. In treaty, France gave up all lands east of Mississippi(except New Orleans) to England xvii. Britain also traded Spain Cuba (England took in 1762 from France) for Florida xviii. France gave Louisiana to Spain xix. France now only had a few islands off Newfoundland and some islands in the West Indies. xx. Britain reigned supreme in north America, Spain claimed western land below Canada o. Now thousands of French colonists were Spanish and English subjects xxi. Acadians refused to take oath swearing loyalty to England, so British soldiers drove them out of their homes and burned their villages xxii. Most Acadians moved to Louisiana and became known as Cajuns xxiii. Almost 5% of Canada’s pop. Had been forcibly deported p. King George’s war and the 7 years’ war had mixed effects xxiv. Brought British and Anglo-Americans closer together xxv. But also brought misunderstanding, suspicion, and finally hostility between the 2
Imperial Revenues and Reorganization, 1760-1766 1. Series of revenue measures enacted by Britain a. Were meant to pay for the enlarged empire b. Britain enforced these measures directly rather than through local authorities c. This ignited tensions between British and colonists 2. George III ascended to throne, wanted to have a strong influence on government d. He made frequent abrupt changes in government leadership that made relationship with the colonies much worse 3. Colonists protested e. Elites expressed themselves in carefully worded arguments f. Middle class used inflammatory language/organized street demonstrations g. Poor people defied British officials/colonial elites and often resorted to violence 4. Friction among allies, 1760-1763 h. Return of peace after war with France brought tensions to surface i. During war, British officers complained i. about quality of the colonial troops ii. The colonists unwillingness to provide food/shelter j. Colonists complained iii. That British troops treated colonists “a little better than slaves” iv. That the officers acted arrogantly v. Quakers refused to vote funds for British troops vi. Planters would not inconvenience themselves for the troops vii. New York/Massachusetts colonists opposed the quartering act k. Pitt promised to reimburse all of the colonists, this angered Britons viii. Britons thought colonists were escaping the war debts scot free l. Military contracts/spending brought British currency to American farmers, merchants, and artisans m. Some colonists continued to trade with the French, violating navigations acts and trading with the enemy n. Britain’s national debt went from 72 million to 132 million, while the total debt of all colonies was collectively 2 million ix. The debt was assumed by British landowners through a land tax, as well as a tax on beer, tea, salt, bread in England x. In the colonies those who profited from war spent their money on goods imported from Britain, the value of which doubled during the war xi. Colonists entered a consumer revolution, which ended once the war was over, and many colonists went into debt xii. As more colonists went into debt, Americans began to suspect the British of plotting to enslave the colonists o. The Briton’s victory spurred new Anglo-Indian conflicts xiii. Indians realized that they could no longer play the British and the French against each other xiv. They feared that Britain would began to treat them as subjects rather than allies xv. Squatters from English colonies were beginning to move onto Indian lands, harassing its’ occupants p. Delaware religious prophet Neolin attracted a large native following by calling for the repudiation of European culture, goods, and alliances q. Pontiac forged an anti-British movement called “Pontiac’s rebellion” xvi. In 1763 they sacked 8 forts near the Great Lakes r. Indians were forced to make peace with the British after food and supply shortages, a smallpox epidemic (purposefully brought on by the British), and the realization that the French were not coming back s. Proclamation of 1763 xvii. Asserted direct control of land transactions, settlement, trade, and other activities of non-Indians west of the Appalachian crest xviii. Goal was to restore order by replacing the authority of the various colonies with that of the crown xix. Recognized Indian land titles west of the “proclamation line” xx. Proclamation slowed colonist expansion, angered colonists xxi. Calmed Indian fears t. Maintaining control over new land xxii. British government sent 10,000 troops to occupy its now territories, to intimidate its inhabitants xxiii. This cost British Gov. a lot of money, colonists refused to help pay for the cost xxiv. The troops appeared to Americans as a “standing army” xxv. Colonists saw westward expansion as a way to prosperity, and viewed British troops as hindering 5. The writs of assistance, 1760-1761 u. Before the war ended, British authorities began to stop the Americans from trading with the French v. 1760 governor of Massachusetts authorized writs of assistance xxvi. Allowed officers to seize illegally imported goods xxvii. Allowed customs officials to enter any ship or building without proof w. Colonists saw these as unconstitutional, hired lawyer James Otis to challenge the writs xxviii. He lost in court 6. The sugar act, 1764 x. 1764 parliament passed sugar act y. Goal was to raise revenues to offset military expenses z. Navigation acts weren’t meant to directly bring in trade, instead they were meant to stimulate trade {. Sugar act had new taxes |. It also stipulated that colonists could export lumber, iron, skins, and other commodities only if the ship landed in Britain first xxix. Parliament hoped that colonial shippers would purchase more imperial wares }. Also complicated the requirement for shipping colonial goods xxx. Captains now had to fill out complicated documents to certify his trade as legal xxxi. Absence of these documents made a ships cargo liable to seizure xxxii. Petty regulations made it virtually impossible to avoid technical violations ~. Sugar act disregarded many traditional English protections for a fair trial xxxiii. Instead of colonial courts (where a jury decide outcome) there was vice-admiralty courts (where a judge alone gave a verdict) xxxiv. Until 1767 the law did not allow for defendants to be tried where their offense took place xxxv. Law reversed normal courtroom procedures (not innocent until proven guilty, guilty until proven innocent) . British prime minister George Grenville ordered the navy to enforce the measure xxxvi. The navy was very vigorous . Rather than pay the tax, Americans continued to smuggle molasses until 1766 xxxvii. Then Britain lowered the tax xxxviii. After that the law raised about 30,000 in revenue annually 7. The stamp act 1765 . Sugar act did little to help with Britain’s financial crisis . Parliament passed stamp act in march 1765 xxxix. Made it so all legal documents needed to be written on special stamped (watermarked) paper xl. Violators faced prosecution without juries . Stamp act was an internal tax xli. Affected everyone, not just merchants like the sugar act . Britons had been paying a similar tax since 1695 . Many British believed that parliament could not tax colonists without representation xlii. They believed the colonists were “virtually represented”, or that every member of parliament was voting on behalf of the colonists best interests . They denied that colonists were exempt from any British taxation because they elected their own assemblies xliii. No different from English or Scottish town councils xliv. Colonial assemblies possessed no more power than parliament allowed them xlv. Their assemblies exercised legislative powers equivalent to those of the house of commons in Great Britain . Colonists felt that the act forced them to either confront parliamentary taxation or surrender any meaningful rights or self-government . Few colonists believed parliament represented them xlvi. They believed “virtual representation” applied to England and Scotland but not American colonies xlvii. Instead they believed that they deserved self-governance similar to that of Ireland . James Otis expressed American’s argument xlviii. Every man in the dominion is a free man xlix. No parts of the dominion can be taxed without consent l. The right to be represented . Colonists assumed that the empire was a loose federation rather than an extended nation governed directly 8. Resisting the stamp act, 1765-1766 . Stamp act generated a political storm li. Reflected parliaments indifference to colonists interests and shallowness of virtual representation lii. Provincial legislatures had sent petitions warning against passage . May 1765 Patrick Henry conveyed spirit of resistance liii. He urged Virginia house of burgesses to adopt resolutions denying parliaments power to tax the colonies liv. The assembly only passed 4/7 of his resolutions . The loyal nine lv. Group of Boston middle class artisans/merchants who opposed the stamp act lvi. They recognized that the stamp distributers were the laws weak link 1. If they could pressure them to resign by the time taxes were due (nov.1) the stamp act would become inoperable . Boston set the pace in opposing parliament lvii. Port city who suffered from the acts lviii. Shipbuilding industry suffered lix. High unemployment rate led to high taxes for poor-relief lx. Taxes drove many out of business lxi. City struggled to recover from a fire in 1760 that burned 175 warehouses and left 10% of the families homeless . Explosive situation in Boston lxii. Many blamed British officials and policies for economic distress lxiii. Bostonians were accustomed to forming large crowds to engage in pointed political expression 2. Popes day: when Bostonians gathered to commemorate the failure of a catholic plot in England to blow up parliament and kill James I, Bostonians burned giant effigies of the pope and other elite figures to celebrate lxiv. After stamp act, Bostonians aimed their protest against imperial officers lxv. August 14 the Loyal Nine hung a likeness of Boston’s stamp distributer Andrew Oliver from a tree, warning him to resign immediately 3. Later that day, they demolished one of Oliver’s buildings, and ransacked his home 4. When the governor and a sheriff attempted to disperse the crowd, they were driven away . Groups similar to the Loyal Nine were forming throughout the colonies . Sons of Liberty lxvi. Scared of alienating the wealthy, didn’t want violence lxvii. Focused their actions against property and left avenues of escape for the victims lxviii. Forbade their followers from carrying weapons . The stamp act congress, October 1765 lxix. Met in NYC lxx. Believed that parliament lacked authority to levy taxes outside of great Britain, and to deny anyone a jury trial lxxi. Only once before had anticolonial meeting taken place (Albany Congress) . By late 1765 most stamp distributers had resigned or fled lxxii. Without the stamped paper, many officials were refusing to do their duties lxxiii. Legislature told officers to resume or they would withhold their pay lxxiv. Colonial elites took over sons of liberty type groups, and coordinated stamp act protests . October 31, 1765 NY merchants agreed to boycott all British goods lxxv. This triggered panic within England’s business community 9. The declaratory act, 1766 . 1765 Marquis of Rockingham replaced Grenville as prime minister . January 1766 William Pitt boldly denounced all efforts to tax the colonists . March 1766 parliament revoked the stamp act . Passed the declaratory act lxxvi. Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies lxxvii. Was written in general language, so the colonists interpreted it to their own advantage lxxviii. The measure seemed like a parliamentary effort to save face lxxix. The house of commons actually intended colonists to take the declaratory act literally lxxx. It meant that the colonists could not claim exemption from any parliamentary statute, including a tax law . Most colonists put events of 1765 behind them lxxxi. Showered king and parliament with gratitude lxxxii. Sons of liberty disbanded lxxxiii. Colonists believed that they had slapped Britain’s leaders back into their senses . The crisis led many to ponder British policies and actions 10. Ideology, religion, and resistance . Colonists examined the imperial relationship that they had previously valued . A number of colonists turned to the works of philosophers, historians, and political advisors lxxxiv. By the 1600’s colonists were already familiar with European enlightenment thinkers lxxxv. John Locke’s natural rights (life, liberty, property) lxxxvi. Other writers believed that concentrations of political power threatened the liberty of the people . Many looked to the ancient Greek and Romans lxxxvii. Republicans admired sense of civic duty that motivated citizens of the roman empire lxxxviii. Believed that free people must avoid moral and political corruption lxxxix. All citizens sacrificed their own interests for the good of the polity xc. An elected leader would command obedience by virtue of the people rather that with terror . Most members of parliament no longer represented the interests of their constituents . Colonists believed that there was a diabolical conspiracy behind British policies . Over the next decade, many pamphlets denounced British efforts to enslave the colonies through excessive taxation and the imposition of officials, judges and a standing army . Many looked to religion . Sam Adams linked Christian piety and republican ideals xci. Wanted America to become a Christian Sparta xcii. America was steeped in Protestantism . Thomas Jefferson revered the ancient republics of Greece and Rome for their devotion to liberty . Religion in the protest xciii. Many protestant clergyman stood up for god and liberty xciv. Many Anglican ministers tried to stay neutral or opposed to protest xcv. Pacifist Quakers kept out of the fray . Protestants in the rebellion xcvi. Clergyman had a large influence on public opinion xcvii. The calls for boycotting British luxuries meshed well with protestant warnings against frivolity and wastefulness xcviii. Rejection of British tyranny mean rejecting sin and obeying god
Technology and Culture; Public Sanitation in Philadelphia 1. Fastest growing city in the new world was Philadelphia a. Population reached 17,000 in 1760 b. Was a major Atlantic port, gateway to Pennsylvania’s farmlands and Appalachian backcountry 2. The dock c. The principal stream and cove d. The city’s heart 3. Fast growth rendered its environment (especially water) dangerous to the people’s health 4. Pollution of the water e. Tanneries soaked animal hide in mixture of water and acids, and dumped residue into the streets or into pits that seeped into the water supply f. Breweries/distilleries also discarded their waste similarly g. Slaughterhouses disposed of dung, grease, fat and other by-products into streets and streams h. Individuals dumped garbage into streets, used privies that polluted wells, and left animal carcasses to rot in the open air i. Most of the cities sewers were open channels that often ran into streets and streams j. Buildings and man-made obstructions caused stagnant pools to form 5. The city had frequent disease epidemics due to these practices 6. Since the owners of the polluting tanneries, distilleries, and slaughterhouses were very wealthy, little could be done to shut them down or prevent new ones from opening 7. 1748 another epidemic prompted the Pennsylvania assembly to appoint a committee to recommend improvements on the city’s sanitation k. Ben franklin was a part of it l. He advocated applying new findings in hydrology, water pumping technology m. Recommended building a wall to keep the high tides of the Delaware river out of the dock n. Also wanted to cover the common sewer o. Neither the city nor private investors would pay for the proposals 8. In the 1760’s Philadelphia began to address the dock’s problems p. 1762 they began to pitch, pave, and cleanse the streets and walkways i. Also the design and construction and maintenance of sewers and storm drains q. 1763 residents petitioned for the dock to be cleared out, planked and walled ii. Also required property owners to build a wall from the bottom of the dock, and remove anything that blocked drainage r. The dock eventually became a completely enclosed sewer s. By 1763 sanitation problems evolved beyond the dock iii. Many believed that the improvements to the dock had done nothing the improve sanitation in their own neighborhood iv. Both public and private solutions favored the wealthy v. Problems with polluted water continued until 1799 with the construction of the United States first municipal water system
Resistance Resumes 1766-1770 1. Parliament’s repeal of the stamp act momentarily quieted colonial protests a. Colonists became convinced that the stamp act was part of a deliberate design to undermine colonial self-governance b. Many in Britain felt the same way 2. Opposing the quartering act, 1766-1767 c. August 1766 George III summoned William Pitt to form a cabinet, but after Pitt’s health collapsed, leadership passed to Charles Townshend d. 1765 quartering act was enacted i. Ordered colonial legislatures to pay for certain goods needed by soldiers ii. Although items were relatively inexpensive, the quartering act aroused resentment iii. Was an indirect tax, it obligated assemblies to raise a set amount of revenue e. Many colonists believed the quartering act reinforced tyranny f. Law fell lightly on most colonies except new york iv. They refused to grant any supplies v. In response the New York Suspending act was passed 1. If they didn’t come up with the funds for the supplies parliament would suspend all laws passed by the colony 2. They came up with the funds g. Conflict over the quartering act showed that British leaders wouldn’t hesitate to defend parliaments authority by interfering with American claims to self-governance 3. The Townshend duties, 1767 h. There was a lot of British frustration over the government’s failure to cut taxes from wartime levels i. Members of parliament cut their own taxes by 25% in 1767 vi. This coasted government 500,000 vii. Prompted the proposal that would tax imports entering America from Britain and increase colonial customs revenue j. Townshend’s revenue act of 1767 (Townshend duties) viii. Taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported to the colonies from England ix. Set moderate rates that did not price goods out of the colonial market x. Its purpose was to collect money for the treasury xi. They were taxes just like the stamp duties k. Townshend had an ulterior motive xii. Traditionally, royal governors had depended on colonial legislatures to vote their salaries xiii. Townshend wanted to establish a fund that would pay said salaries, freeing them from assemblies control xiv. This would tip the balance of power from elected colonial representatives towards nonelected royal officials l. In reality the revenue acts never yielded the income Townshend hoped for xv. The revenue act worsened the British treasury’s deficit 4. The colonists’ reaction, 1767-1769 m. December 1767 John Dickinson published Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania xvi. Until this resistance to the revenue acts was weak xvii. This emphasized that although parliament could regulate trade, it had no right to tax commerce for the single purpose of raising revenue xviii. The legality of any external tax depended on its intent xix. No tax designed to produce revenue could be considered constitutional unless peoples’ elected representatives voted for it xx. He persuaded many Americans that the arguments against the stamp act also applied to the revenue act n. In early 1768 the assembly called Sam Adams to draft a circular letter to every other colonial legislature xxi. It condemned taxation without representation xxii. Said that parliament’s making royal officials financially independent was a threat to self-governance xxiii. It advocated no illegal activities o. Virginia’s assembly then sent out a letter of its’ own xxiv. Urged all colonies to oppose imperial policies that would “have an immediate tendency to enslave them” p. After Townshend’s death in 1767, Lord Hillsborough replaced him xxv. He told them to disown their letters xxvi. He forbade all colonial assemblies to endorse it xxvii. Said that any legislature that violated his instruction be dissolved q. To protest Hillsborough, many legislatures also adopted the letter xxviii. The Massachusetts house of representatives voted 92 to 17 not to recall the letter r. Colonists continued to pressure parliament to repeal the revenue act xxix. Used nonimportation, which offered an alternative to violence that still hurt Britain’s economy xxx. In august 1768 Boston adopted nonimportation agreement xxxi. The boycott kept out about 40% of all imports from Britain xxxii. It mobilized colonists into more actively resisting British policies 5. “Wilkes and liberty”, 1768-1770 s. The boycott affected many in Britain t. John Wilkes led protests of George III’s policies in England xxxiii. He was a member of parliament that got arrested for denouncing George III’s policies xxxiv. He won his case in court, but his newspaper got shut down, and he got kicked out of the house of commons, and fled to Paris xxxv. He returned in 1768 and ran for parliament xxxvi. Right after he was elected again, he was arrested xxxvii. Many of his followers were so angry that they massed outside of the prison where he was being held 3. Soldiers then killed 11 protesters, became known as “massacre of St. George’s fields” xxxviii. Wilkes maintained correspondence with the sons of liberty, was hailed in Boston u. Wilkes’ cause sharpened the political thinking of government opponents in Britain and the colonies xxxix. His movement inspired people to speak more forcefully xl. He made it clear that the king and parliament represented a small minority 6. Women and colonial resistance v. Women’s participation in public affairs was widening slowly and unevenly in the colonies w. There were more women church members xli. Ministers frequently said that women were superior in piety and morality x. Sarah Osborn was a noted religious activist y. The daughters of liberty was a group that played a minor part in defeating the stamp act z. Women activists were almost always upper class, because they had more free time {. In 1770 more than 300 women denounced the consumption of tea to protest the revenue acts |. Nonconsumption agreements became popular with women xlii. Women made most decisions about consumption in households xliii. They could replace British imports with apparel that they made }. Spinning bees xliv. Women would weave their own fabric xlv. Associated household tasks with political activism ~. These showed that American resistance was more than just male merchants . Colonial protest extended into many households 7. Customs “racketeering”, 1767-1768 . While Townshend submitted the revenue acts, he also introduced legislation creating the American board of customs commissioners xlvi. This raised the # of port officials xlvii. funded the construction of a colonial coast guard xlviii. provided money for secret informers 4. awarded informers 1/3 of the value of all goods and ships they convicted of smuggling . smuggling cases were held in vice-admiralty courts, with no jury . law drew protests because of the way it was enforced xlix. it assumed everyone was guilty l. agents commonly filed charges even when there was no evidence . after 1767 revenue agents began treating sailors personal property as cargo, seizing it as well . “customs racketeering” constituted legalized piracy . June 1768 Bostonians retaliated during a seizure of one of John Hancock’s ships, Liberty li. Hancock became a chief target of customs tormentors, because he was the richest merchant and an opponent to British taxation lii. The crowd tried to prevent the towing of the ship, and then began assaulting customs agents liii. The mob drove all revenue inspectors from Boston
The Deepening Crisis, 1770-1774 1. By 1770 many argued that measures like the sugar act and the revenues act seriously endangered property rights and civil liberties 2. By 1774 most colonists believed that parliament had no lawmaking authority over the colonies 3. The Boston Massacre, 1770 a. Boston took on the atmosphere of an occupied city b. On February 22, 1770 a customs informer shot into a crowd and killed an 11 year old boy c. Then on March 5 a crowd led by Crispus Attucks, angered by the boy’s death, went to the guard post protecting the customs office d. Soldiers killed 11 people, including Attucks e. There was shock that followed the Boston massacre i. Royal authorities tried to diffuse the situation by isolating all troops on an island in the harbor ii. Recollection of the St. George’s fields massacre 2 years earlier f. Governor Hutchinson promised the soldiers would be tried iii. John Adams defended them iv. He argued that the soldiers had been provoked by the crowd, who was not made of respectable people g. The light punishment the soldiers were given for shooting into a crowd of unarmed civilians forced colonists to confront the possibility that the British government was bent on suppressing them 4. Lord North’s partial retreat, 1770 h. The new prime minister, Lord North, worked to stabilize relations between Britain and the colonies v. North favored eliminating most of the Townshend duties vi. In April 1770 parliament repealed most of the Townshend duties i. Colonists hated that a tax still existed on tea, the most profitable item vii. People were unsure if they should press on until a total victory, or if they should maintain a selective boycott on tea viii. In July 1770 when the importation movement collapsed, colonists decided not to drink British tea 5. The committee of correspondence, 1772-1773 j. Was the colonists 1st attempt to maintain political cooperation over a wide area ix. System enabled Sam Adams to send out messages for each local committee to read at its’ own meeting k. In June 1773 Adams publicized governor Hutchinson’s letters where he advocated a restraint on natural liberty x. Confirmed many colonists’ suspicions of a plot to destroy basic freedoms l. In March 1773 it was proposed that Virginia had colony-level committees of correspondence xi. By 1774 every colony except Pennsylvania had followed example xii. By 1774 a communications web linked colonial leaders 6. Backcountry tensions m. Most conflicts took place in the eastern seaports, tensions in the west contributed to a sense of crisis among Indians, settlers, and colonial authorities n. Many colonists now sought western land o. The treaty of fort Stanwix in 1768 xiii. Granted land along the Ohio river that was occupied by Indians to Pennsylvania and Virginia xiv. Heightened western tensions p. In 1774 colonists killed 13 Indians for no reason xv. 8 of these were family of Logan, a Mingo leader xvi. Logan led a force that killed an equal number of white colonists q. in response Virginians opened a campaign known as Lord Dunmore’s war xvii. they defeated Logan’s people xviii. Virginia gained uncontested rights to lands south of Ohio xix. Anglo-Indian resentments remained strong r. Settlers that moved west in Massachusetts found their titles challenged by NY landlords xx. 2 landlords threatened to evict tenants in 1766, there was an armed uprising s. In 1769 settlers from New Hampshire also came into conflict with New York xxi. After 4 years of guerrilla warfare the settlers established a new government, Vermont t. In 1774 settlers from Connecticut clashed with Pennsylvanians u. In North Carolina a group called the regulators aimed to redress the grievances of the westerners who found themselves exploited by dishonest eastern officeholders xxii. May 16, 1771 at the battle of Alamance creek 1300 eastern militiamen defeated 2500 regulators v. These all reflected the tensions that arose from an increasingly land-hungry white population 7. The tea act, 1773 w. Colonial smuggling and nonconsumtion had taken a toll on the British East India Company xxiii. By 1773 they were almost bankrupt x. May 1773 the tea act was passed xxiv. Lowered the tea price to consumers, to less than the price of smuggled tea y. The colonists saw this as a menace to liberty, virtue, and colonial government xxv. The law would raise revenue which would pay royal governors xxvi. It would corrupt Americans into accepting the principle of parliamentary taxation by taking advantage of their weakness for a frivolous luxury z. The colonists decided to resist the importation of tea without violence or destruction of property {. In Boston on December 16, 1773 50 young men disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and headed to the wharf xxvii. They assaulted no one and damaged nothing but the tea xxviii. They heaved 45 tons of tea into the harbor xxix. Became known as the Boston tea party
Toward Independence 1. The Boston tea party inflamed parliament a. They were now determined to quash colonial resistance once and for all 2. Colonial leaders responded with equal determination to defend self-government and liberty 3. By spring 1775 there were armed clashes between the 2 b. Some colonists were still hesitant of declaring their independence from Britain 4. Liberty for black Americans c. Black slaves responded to calls for equality and liberty d. In 1772 a black slave named James Somerset sued for his freedom when his master took him to England’ i. The court ruled that no court could compel a slave to obey an order depriving him of his freedom ii. This only applied in England iii. In 1773 some Massachusetts slaves filed a petition saying that this should apply in colonies as well e. In 1774 many slaves saw the arrival of the British troops as a means to their liberation f. In 1775 Virginia’s governor Lord Dunmore promised freedom to any slave who helped restore royal authority iv. 1000 blacks joined Dunmore before hostile patriots drove him out of the colony v. This associated British forces with slave liberation in the minds of blacks and whites 5. The Coercive acts g. Boston port bill vi. Enacted on April 1, 1774 vii. Ordered the navy to close Boston harbor unless the town arranged to pay for the ruined tea by June 1 h. Massachusetts government act viii. Revoked the Massachusetts charter and restructured the government to make it less democratic i. Administration of justice act ix. Some called it the murder act x. Permitted any person charged with murder while enforcing royal authority in Massachusetts to be tried in England or in other colonies xi. Would encourage massacres j. A new quartering act xii. Allowed the governor to requisition empty private buildings for housing troops xiii. Would repress any resistance k. The Quebec act xiv. Established roman Catholicism as Quebec’s official religion xv. Would serve as a blueprint for getting rid of representative government in the colonies l. These had become known as the intolerable acts xvi. They convinced Anglo Americans that Britain was plotting make elected assemblies, freedom of religion, and jury trials disappear xvii. The acts pushed most colonies to the brink of rebellion 6. The first continental congress m. Every colony but Georgia sent delegates to the congress in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774 xviii. 56 delegates came to find a way to defend the colonies’ rights n. The first continental congress opened by endorsing the Suffolk resolves o. They established that a provisional government should collect all taxes until the Massachusetts charter was restored p. They also voted to boycott all British goods after December 1 and to cease exporting to Britain after September 1775 q. Not all delegates supported this defiance xix. Moderates feared the turmoil r. Finally they summarized their principles and demands in a petition to the king xx. The document affirmed parliament’s power to regulate commerce xxi. It argued that all previous parliamentary efforts to impose taxes, enforce laws, suspend assemblies, and revoke charters was unconstitutional 7. From resistance to rebellion s. Colonists hoped that resistance would make parliament renounce all authority over the colonists except trade regulation t. The elected committees that congress had created to enforce the continental association turned themselves into vigilantes xxii. They compelled merchants who traded with England to burn their imports xxiii. They brow beated clergymen who preached pro-British ceremonies xxiv. Pressured Americans to adopt simpler diets and dress in order to relieve dependence on British goods u. Committees organized volunteer military companies (minutemen) v. The British government ordered Massachusetts’ governor Gage to arrest the patriot leaders xxv. He instead sent 700 British troops to seize their supplies at concord xxvi. William Dawes and Paul Revere rode out to warn everyone xxvii. 70 minutemen at Lexington confronted the soldiers, 8 minutemen died, 1 redcoat was injured xxviii. At concord, 273 redcoats died and only 92 colonists died w. 3 weeks later the second continental congress convened x. The olive branch petition xxix. Wanted cease fire at Boston xxx. Repeal of the coercive acts xxxi. Negotiations to establish guarantees of American rights y. They voted in May 1775 to establish an American continental army xxxii. George Washington was the leader z. Bunker hill xxxiii. British had 1154 casualties xxxiv. 311 patriots died xxxv. After this many Britons wanted retaliation {. On august 23 George III proclaimed new England in a state of rebellion xxxvi. By October he extended it to all of the colonies xxxvii. They outlawed all British trade to colonies in December |. Common Sense xxxviii. Many colonists hoped to reconcile xxxix. Many colonists reviled all men of wealth regardless of political allegiance xl. January 1776 Thomas Paine published Common Sense 1. He told Americans that monarchy was bad, dangerous for liberty 2. America had no economic need for the British connection 3. Linked nationalism with a sense of religious mission 4. America would be a new kind of nation xli. Common sense sold more than 100,000 copies within 3 months }. Declaring independence xlii. By spring 1776 Paine’s pamphlet had stimulated local gatherings to pass resolutions favoring American independence xliii. Rhode island declared itself independent in May 1776 xliv. On July 2 congress created the United States xlv. Thomas Jefferson was the main author of the declaration of independence 5. He followed England’s’ bill of rights 6. He listed 27 injuries and usurpations committed by George III 7. Argued that English government had violated its contract with the colonists 8. Natural entitlement to liberty, justice, and self-fulfillment 9. He left unanswered which Americans were not equal 10. All white men were equal xlvi. The declaration never claimed that perfect justice and equal opportunity existed in the united states 11. It tried to bring this idea closer to reality
Conclusion
* In 1763 Britain and its’ colonies had a victory over France * Just a decade later, the allies were fighting * Finally, Americans challenged British rule and the legitimacy of monarchy * They sometimes resorted to violence * Many African Americans considered Britain as more likely to liberate them * Native Americans realized that British authority provided them with some protection against land-hungry colonists * Many Americans were still weary of rebellion until Thomas Paine published Common Sense