Apush Chapter 11 Summary

CHAPTER 1
Theme: The first discoverers of America, the ancestors of the American Indians, were small bands of hunters who crossed a temporary land bridge from Siberia and spread across both North and South America. They evolved a great variety of cultures, which ranged from the sophisticated urban civilizations in Mexico and Central and South America to the largely semi nomadic societies of North America.
Applying evidence- * Paleo Indians-utilized land bridge as a important hunting tool(nomadic) * Archaic Indians-traditional gathering society * Woodland Indians- created burial mounds and a society centered around agriculture(maize) * Great societies-Incas, Mayans, Aztecs created advanced civilizations such as Machu Pichu * Anasazi-(southwestern)-cliff dwellers * Agriculture- the
Three Sisters- maize, Beans, Squash(impacted the daily traditional diet)
Theme: Europe's growing demand for Eastern luxuries prompted exploration in the hopes of reducing the expense of those goods with new trade routes. Exploration occurred incrementally, beginning with the Portuguese moving around the coast of Africa and establishing trading posts. Awareness of the New World and its wealth pushed exploration across the Atlantic. Spanish exploration continued in the same fashion, first in the Caribbean islands then expanding into South and North America.
Applying evidence- * The Renaissance-ambitious spirit of optimism and adventure sparked and increased interest in the new world * Technological advances- for increased support the advent of the printing press, and the Mariners compass * Christopher Columbus(Spanish)-three ships-Pinta, Nina, Santa Maria.(discovered the Bahamas October 12,1492) * Interdependent global economic system * Columbian exchange-illustrated globalization (provided raw materials)

Theme: Portuguese and Spanish explorers encountered and then conquered much of the Americas and their Indian inhabitants. This “collision of worlds” deeply affected all the Atlantic societies—Europe, the Americas, and Africa—as the effects of disease, conquest, slavery, and intermarriage began to create a truly “new world” in Latin America, including the borderlands of Florida, New Mexico, and California, all of which later became part of the United States.
Applying evidence- Results of Columbian exchange- Guns, Steel, and Germs * Lethal diseases such as Smallpox, Yellow Fever, and Malaria * 90% of the native American population died because of disease * Treaty of Tordesillas- Spain’s claim to Columbus’s discovery * Explorers/Conquistadors-Vasco Nunez, Ferdinand Magellan, Juan Ponce de Leon, Francisco Coronado, Hernando de Soto, Francisco Pizarro, Hernan Cortes * Encomienda- Missionaries
CHAPTER 2
Theme: After a late start, a proud, nationalistic England joined the colonial race and successfully established five colonies along the southeastern seacoast of North America. Although varying somewhat in origins and character, all these colonies exhibited plantation agriculture, indentured and slave labor, a tendency toward strong economic and social hierarchies, and a pattern of widely scattered, institutionally weak settlements.
Applying evidence- * Puritan * Jamestown(Virginia Company charter) embarrassing attempt with high attrition rates * Captain John Smith, John Rolfe
Theme: The English hoped to follow Spain's example of finding great wealth in the New World, and that influenced the financing and founding of the early southern colonies. The focus on making the southern colonies profitable shaped colonial decisions, including choice of crops and the use of indentured and slave labor. This same focus also helped create economic and cultural ties between the early southern colonies and English settlements in the West Indies.
Applying evidence- * Tobacco and Sugar plantations- created greed for land and slave labor * Political- House of Burgesses(limited democracy)in Virginia * Lord Baltimore-religious Pluralism-Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Theme: The early southern colonies’ encounters with Indians and African slaves established the patterns of race relations that would shape the North American experience—in particular, warfare and reservations for the Indians and lifelong slave codes for African Americans.
Applying evidence- * First Navigation Act * Barbados Slave Code 1661 * Tuscarora Indian attack crushed by the Carolinians * Pope’s Rebelion(1680)
CHAPTER 3
Theme: Religious and political turmoil in England shaped settlement in New England and the middle colonies. Religious persecution in England pushed the Separatists into Plymouth and Quakers into Pennsylvania. England's Glorious Revolution also prompted changes in the colonies.
Applying evidence- * Martin Luther- ignited Protestant Reformation * King James I = push factor to America due to harsh religious persecution * Separatists-pilgrims on the Mayflower
Theme: The Protestant Reformation, in its English Calvinist (Reformed) version, provided the major impetus and leadership for the settlement of New England. The New England colonies developed a fairly homogeneous social order based on religion and semi-communal family and town settlements.
Applying evidence- * John Calvin-Calvinism- Doctrine of Predestination * Mayflower Compact * William Bradford-governor of Plymouth through election * Puritan work ethic
Theme: Principles of American government developed in New England with the beginnings of written constitutions (Mayflower Compact and Massachusetts's royal charter) and with glimpses of self-rule seen in town hall meetings, the New England Confederation, and colonial opposition to the Dominion of New England.
Applying evidence- * Puritan work ethic * Cambridge Agreement of 1629- general court(technically not democracy) * Halfway covenant(1662) * Local –Town Meetings * Blue Laws- limit earthy pleasures * Mercantilism
Theme: The middle colonies of New Netherland (New York), Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware developed with far greater political, ethnic, religious, and social diversity, and they represented a more cosmopolitan middle ground between the tightly knit New England towns and the scattered, hierarchical plantation South.
Applying evidence- * Rhode Island- separation of church and state * Fundamental Orders-(modern constitution) * New England Confederation * Commonwealth * Bread colonies
CHAPTER 4
Theme: In the Chesapeake region, seventeenth-century colonial society was characterized by disease-shortened lives, weak family life, and a social hierarchy that included hardworking planters at the top and restless poor whites and black slaves at the bottom. Despite the substantial disruption of their traditional culture and the mingling of African peoples, slaves in the Chesapeake developed a culture that mixed African and new-world elements, and developed one of the few slave societies that grew through natural reproduction.
Applying evidence- * Brown gold-middle passage-Slave culture-own languages-musical instruments/dances/music styles * Headright system
Theme: By contrast, early New England life was characterized by healthy, extended life spans, strong family life, closely knit towns and churches, and a demanding economic and moral environment.
Applying evidence- * Patriarchal family-Primary education-meeting houses * Strict laws-scarlet letters-Salem Witch Trial
CHAPTER 5
Theme: Compared with its seventeenth-century counterpart, eighteenth-century colonial society became more complex and hierarchical, more ethnically and religiously diverse, and more economically and politically developed.
Applying evidence- * Demographic change in population( Tennessee and Kentucky) * Shift in social structure-Germans, Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots Irish- social pluralism
Theme: Colonial culture, while still limited, took on distinct American qualities in such areas as evangelical religion, education, press freedom, and self-government.
Applying evidence- * America a land of opportunity * 1st great awakening-helped colonial unity * New light centers- Ivy league schools * John peter Zenger case assured press freedom * Two house legislative Body(upper and lower house)
Theme: England's Atlantic sea-board colonies, with their population growth and substantial agricultural exports, grew and developed in importance to the English empire. So, the relationship between England and these colonies was shifting economically, politically, and culturally. Colonists sold their agricultural abundance not only to England, but also to France and the West Indies. Royal authority was checked by colonial legislatures that sometimes refused to pay governors' salaries and the famous Zenger case. Schools and colleges emerged and the cultural reliance on England began to fade.
Applying evidence- * Navigation acts * Two-house legislative * Freedom of the press * Agriculture leading industry/Trade also prevalent

CHAPTER 6
Theme: As part of their worldwide rivalry, Great Britain and France engaged in a great struggle for colonial control of North America, culminating in the British victory in the Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) that drove France from the continent.
Applying evidence- * Cycle of conflict spills over into North America * Started with George Washington’s attack in the Ohio Country * Intercolonial congress in Albany created The Albany Plan –Join or die * William Pitt the “Great commander” * Peace Treaty of Paris-end to the French Indian war
Theme: Before the Seven Years' War, Britain and its American colonies had already been facing some tensions as can be seen in sporadic British efforts to enforce trade laws and colonial reaction to the peace treaty in 1748. During the Seven Years' War, the relationship between British military regulars and colonial militias added to the tensions. The French defeat in the Seven Years' War created conditions for a growing conflict between Britain and its American colonies. The lack of a threatening European colonial power in North America gave the American colonists a sense of independence that clashed with new British imperial demands such as stationing soldiers in the colonies and the Proclamation of 1763.
Applying evidence- * Salutary neglect to Salutary rigor * Proclamation of 1763(prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians) *
CHAPTER 7
Theme: Tension between the colonies and Britain centered around the issues of mercantilism and its implementation. The British Empire attempted to more strictly enforce laws aimed at maintaining a system of mercantilism while colonists objected to this change from the earlier "salutary neglect."
Applying evidence- * Salutary Rigor * Triangular trade-Navigation Laws * Early acts designed to constrict the colonies Manufacturing like the Woolen act, Hat act, and the Molasses act * England’s debt forced the colonies to print paper money causing inflation * Sugar act 1764, Quartering Act 1765, Stamp Act 1765 * Taxation without representation
Theme: The American Revolution occurred because the American colonists, who had long been developing a strong sense of autonomy and self-government, furiously resisted British attempts to impose tighter imperial controls and higher taxes after the end of the French and Indian War in 1763. The sustained conflict over political authority and taxation, enhanced by American agitators and British bungling, gradually moved Americans from asserting rights within the British Empire to openly warring with the mother country.
Applying evidence- * Taxation without representation no virtual representation * Saw the acts as violations of civil liberties * Stamp act Congress step toward intercolonial unity * Sons and Daughters of Liberty activist/rebels * Townshend tea tax-Boston Massacre * Committees of correspondence-direct sedition-started by Samuel Adams * Passing of the Intolerable acts-leads to the Boston Tea party =malicious attempt towards the crowns revenue * The First Continental Congress produced a Declaration of Rights
Theme: At the outset of the Revolutionary War, Britain appeared to be a mighty empire, but it was weaker than it seemed at first glance. Poor leadership in London along with second-rate generals in the colonies reduced the impact of the larger British population and its naval supremacy. Americans, on the other hand, had many advantages such as George Washington's leadership and fighting a defensive war. However, the colonists also faced disorganization,
Applying evidence- * America had great leader such as George Washington, diplomats like Ben franklin * Indirect aid from the French * Were self-sustaining/ had better marksmen/moral advantage * America lacked unity/ jealousy over military leadership * Inflation * Britain had more people more money and greater navel power * Enlisted the help of Hessians/ Native Americans/American Loyalists * Britain’s provisions were scarce due to the distance/America expansive land

CHAPTER 8
Theme: When hostilities began in 1775, the colonists were still fighting for their rights as British citizens within the empire, but in 1776 they declared their independence, based on a proclamation of universal, “self-evident” truths. Inspired by revolutionary idealism, they also fought for an end to monarchy and the establishment of a free republic.
Applying evidence- * First blood at Lexington and Concord by minute men * Moral advantage * Sent list of grievances * Boosted moral with George Washington * The Olive Branch Petition- declared the colonists in an open rebellion * Common Sense by Thomas Paine-stop pretending loyalty and just fight * Enlightenment thinking * 2nd Continental Congress
Theme: A combination of Washington’s generalship and British bungling in 1776–1777 prevented a quick British victory and brought French assistance, which enabled the Patriots to achieve victory after several more years of struggle.
Applying evidence- * Difference in views between the loyalist and patriots * Three pronged attack * Battle of Saratoga-Americas finally recognized

Theme: American independence was recognized by the British only after the conflict had broadened to include much of Europe. American diplomats were able to secure generous peace terms because of the international political scene: Britain's recently reorganized government that favored peace and France's inability to make good on its promises to Spain.
Applying evidence- * Battle of Saratoga * France treaty of alliance * Benedict Arnold-turned Loyalist by Britain’s bribe of gold * Treaty of Paris of 1783-finally completely recognized colonies and granted boundaries
CHAPTER 9
Theme: The American Revolution was not a radical transformation like the French or Russian revolutions, but it did produce political innovations and some social change in the direction of greater equality and democracy.
Applying evidence- * Social change- weakening of the aristocratic elites * Fight for separation of church and state found notable gains * New spirit of all men are created equal * Quakers founded the first national anti-slavery society * Republican motherhood-elevated women’s status-keepers of the nations conscience * Increased education, patriotism, nationalism and family * Continental congress produced the Articles of Confederation
Theme: Compromise on a number of important issues was required in order to create the new federal Constitution. Adopting the new document required great political skill and involved changing the ratification process defined in the Articles of Confederation, writing persuasively in support of the stronger central government, and promising to add amendments to protect individual liberty and states' rights.
Applying evidence- * Constitutional Convention- only way to change the articles * Promises of a Bill of rights * Articles of Confederation had no ability to tax, raise an army and had no treaty power-inflation followed * The Land Ordinance of 1785 * The Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787 * No slavery allowed in the northwest territories (one of the articles succeses)

Theme: The federal Constitution represented a moderately conservative reaction against the democratic and decentralizing effects of the Revolution and the Articles of Confederation. In effect, it embedded the revolutionary ideals of liberty and popular government within a strong framework designed to advance national identity and interests against the dangers of fragmentation and disorder.
Applying evidence- * Shay’s rebellion-tipping point where people began to doubt the ariticles * Charles Beard’s Thesis-economic self-serving act in the making of the constitution * Philadelphia Convention-resulted in a new constitution-battle between federalists and anti-federalists * Virginia plan and the New Jersey Plan battle between large and small state representation lead to the great compromise which combines the two * North and South compromises-3/5 compromise, fugitive slave law, and the End of the Slave trade but not the actual institution of slavery * Created the institution of Checks and Balances as a safeguard * Implied powers-elastic clause-necessary and proper * Promised Bill of Rights for the anti-federalists * Federalist papers for ratification of the constitution/ Anti-federalist papers skeptical of constitution
CHAPTER 10

Theme: The first administration under the Constitution, led by Washington and Hamilton, overcame various difficulties and firmly established the political and economic foundations of the new federal government. The first Congress under the Constitution, led by James Madison, also contributed to the new republic by adding the Bill of Rights.
Applying evidence- * 1789-U.S Constitution launched * George Washington = separation of powers(Amendment X) * Before the ratification of the constitution the states demanded bill of rights which was adopted in 1791 * Judiciary act of 1789- created federal courts * Hamilton’s report on the bank and manufacturers * Tariff of 1789- attempt to pay off debt * Neutrality Proclamation * Washington’s- Farewell address
Theme: The cabinet debate over Hamilton’s financial measure expanded into a wider political conflict between Hamiltonian Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans—the first political parties in America. Federalists supported a strong central government, a "loose" interpretation of the Constitution, and commerce (business). (Democratic) Republicans supported states' rights, a "strict" interpretation of the Constitution, and agriculture (farmers).
Applying evidence- * Hamilton’s proposed a national bank modeled after the bank of England * Hamilton used the elastic clause with his loose view of the constitution(Federalist) * Jefferson wanted the bank to be controlled by the states * Jefferson for the “common man”(Democratic)
Theme: The French Revolution created a severe ideological and political division over foreign policy between Federalists and Republicans. The foreign-policy crisis coincided with domestic political divisions that culminated in the bitter election of 1800, but in the end power passed peacefully from Federalists to Republicans. American isolationist tradition emerges as a result of Washington's strong neutrality stance and his farewell warnings about foreign alliances.
Applying evidence- * Neutrality proclamation of 1793 * Britain violates Treaty of Paris * Jays treaty 1794 * Washington’s farewell address * Election of 1796-Adams elected with Jefferson as VP * XYZ Affair * Convention of 1800

CHAPTER 11

Theme: Jefferson’s effective, pragmatic policies strengthened the principles of two-party republican government, even though the Jeffersonian “revolution” caused sharp partisan battles between Federalists and Republicans over particular issues.
Applying evidence- * Mudslinging between both parties in the election of 1800 * Alien Enemies Act-throw out aliens in time of war * Naturalization Act- length of citizenship * Sedition Act-no speaking out against the government-unconstitutional * 12th amendment-separation of elections between VP and president * Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions * Midnight appointments * Louisiana Purchase
Theme: Despite his intentions, Jefferson became deeply entangled in the foreign-policy conflicts of the Napoleonic era, leading to a highly unpopular and failed embargo that revived the moribund Federalist Party.
Applying
evidence- * Tripolitan War * Louisiana Purchase- Louis and Clark expeditions * Embargo Act-“ograbme act”-forbad all exports followed by the Non-intercourse Act of 1809 which reopened trade with all nations except England and France * Embargo on the positive side gave increased power to the Federalist party while promoting American Industry
Theme: James Madison fell into an international trap, set by Napoleon, that Jefferson had avoided. Western War Hawks’ enthusiasm for a war with Britain was matched by New Englanders’ hostility.
Applying evidence- * Macon’s Bill No.2(Napoleon’s trap) * Tecumseh and the Prophet-Battle of Tippecanoe- Battle of the Thames-Andrew Jackson in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend * American entered The War of 1812 with a very close senate showing the disunity in the Americas
Chapter 12:

Theme: Poor strategy, political divisions, and increasingly aggressive British power plagued the American effort in the War of 1812. Nevertheless, the United States escaped with a stalemated peace settlement, and soon turned its isolationist back to the Atlantic European world. -Weak American Navy consisted of only seven American warships -Failed three-prong attack by Americans -Treaty of Ghent (1814) -Free seas -No impressments -Status quo

Theme: The aftermath of the War of 1812 produced a strong surge of American nationalism that was reflected in economics, law, and foreign policy. The rising nationalistic spirit and sense of political unity was, however, threatened by the first severe sectional dispute over slavery. -“Era of Good Feelings”
-Federalist party collapses & results in a 1-party system -War heroes emerged (ex. Andrew Jackson & William Henry Harrison) -1st Tariff designed for protection – Tariff of 1816 -American System -Missouri Compromise
Theme: Chief Justice John Marshall's Supreme Court strengthened the federal government by supporting a "loose construction" of the Constitution, asserting the federal judiciary's power over state courts, and enforcing economic provisions in the Constitution (interstate commerce, sanctity of contracts). - McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) - Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) - Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)

Chapter 13:

Theme: The election to the presidency of the frontier aristocrat and common person’s hero, Andrew Jackson, signaled the end of the older elitist political leadership represented by John Quincy Adams. A new spirit of mass democracy and popular involvement swept through American society, bringing new energy as well as conflict and corruption to public life.
-Political power shifts from conservative eastern seaboard to emerging states across mountains
-Jackson rises from masses; country gentleman.
-Spoils System (corruption)
Theme: Jackson successfully mobilized the techniques of the New Democracy and presidential power to win a series of dramatic political battles against his enemies. But by the late 1830s, his Whig opponents had learned to use the same popular political weapons against the Democrats, signaling the emergence of the second American party system. -Election of 1832 -Election of 1836 -Whigs form in 1834 and united in opposition to Jackson
-Whig leaders Clay, Webster, and Calhoun marketed their party as “defenders of the common man”
Theme: Amidst the whirl of democratic politics, issues of tariffs, financial instability, Indian policy, and possible expansion in Texas indicated that difficult sectional and economic problems were festering beneath the surface and not being very successfully addressed. -Tariff of 1828 – “Tariff of Abominations” -1833 Force Bill (Bloody Bill) -Indian Removal Act of 1830 -Trail of Tears – genocide; killed thousands of Indians -Panic of 1837 – “wildcat banks” loans, over speculation, Specie Circular -Slavery issue blocked Texas from becoming part of the Union

Chapter 14:

Theme: The importance of the West grew in the early nineteenth century. Cheap land attracted immigrants and natives alike, and, after some technological innovations, the West became an agricultural giant. The increased output also spurred transportation developments to tie this developing region to the rest of the United States. -Jackson promoted “westernization” -Mid-1800s population skyrocketed with migration out west -High birthrate and many German & Irish immigrants -Multiplier effect: one invention changes everything -Eli Whitney – cotton gin, replaceable machine parts -John Deere – Steel plow -Lancaster turnpike – brought economic expansion to west -Erie Canal

Theme: In the era of Jacksonian democracy, the American population grew rapidly and changed in character. More people lived in the raw West and in the expanding cities, and immigrant groups like the Irish and Germans added their labor power to America’s economy, sometimes arousing hostility from native-born Americans in the process. -1860-original 13 states now have 33 states; population 4th in world
-US appeals to immigrants (land, freedom from church, aristocracy, 3 meat meals daily)
-“Black Forties” – Irish move to America, fleeing from Potato Famine – mainly went to big cities as they were too poor to move west -Received lowest of jobs
-Faced discrimination (NINA – No Irish Need Apply, hated by Protestants because Catholic) -Crop failures and loss of Revolution of 1848 brought Germans to America -Bought land in West -Nativists – Know Nothing Party

Theme: In the early nineteenth century, the American economy developed the beginnings of industrialization. The greatest advances occurred in transportation, as canals and railroads bound the Union together into a continental economy with strong regional specialization. -Principle of limited liability (can’t lose more than invested) stimulates economy -Robert Fulton – Steam engine -1st railroad in 1828 – railroads didn’t make large differences until 1850s -Steamboat allows reverse transport of South to East to bind together
-Each region specialized in certain economic activity (South – cotton to New England; West – grain + livestock to East & Europe; East – machines and textiles to South and West)

Chapter 15:
Theme: The spectacular religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening reversed a trend toward secular rationalism in American culture, and helped to fuel a spirit of social reform. In the process, religion was increasingly “feminized,” as women took the lead in movements of reform, including those designed to improve their own condition.
-Spiritual fervor resulted in increased support for church reform, temperance cause, women’s movements, and abolition of slavery
-Charles Grandison Finney – notable revival preacher
-Dorthea Dix – fought to better treatment of mentally insane
-Women’s movement leaders – Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Staton, Elizabeth Blackwell, Margaret Fuller, Grimke Sisters, and Amelia Bloomer
-1848 – Women’s Rights Convention – Seneca Falls, NY -Declaration of Sentiments

Theme: The attempt to improve Americans’ faith, morals, and character affected nearly all areas of American life and culture, including education, the family, literature, and the arts—culminating in the great crusade against slavery. -Temperance Reform – American Temperance Society -Free public education prevailed in 1825 -Slavery outshines Women’s movement for most part for the time being -Henry David Thoreau condemns slavery

Theme: Intellectual and cultural development in America was less prolific than in Europe, but they did earn some international recognition and became more distinctly American, especially after the War of 1812. -Transcendentalism -Ralph Waldo Emerson – “The American Scholar” -John Locke -Lithographic movement -US painters portray landscapes and romanticism -Walt Whitman – distinctly American poetry

Chapter 16:

Theme: The explosion of cotton production fastened the slave system deeply upon the South, creating a complex, hierarchical, racial, and social order that deeply affected whites as well as blacks. -Cotton gin – revitalizes South’s economy; increases need for slaves -Plantation System -25% of southerners owned slaves; slave owners at top of hierarchy
-Poor whites supported social hierarchy in hopes of advancing and to feel better because they were higher than blacks
-Slave life varied but always meant long and hard work
Theme: The economic benefits of the increasing production of cotton, primarily due to the cotton gin and slavery, were shared between the South, the North, and Britain. The economics of cotton and slavery led to larger plantations, since the people could afford the heavy investment of human capital.
-South produced over half world’s supply of cotton – held advantage over England, which needed cotton to make cloth
-North transported cotton to Europe – expanded responsibility of slave trade
-In 1850 1,733 families owned over 100 slaves each – wealthy aristocrats
Theme: The emergence of a small but energetic radical abolitionist movement caused a fierce proslavery backlash in the South and a slow but steady growth of moderate antislavery sentiment in the North.
-William Lloyd Garrison – radical abolitionist -Founded New England Anti-Slavery Society -Frederick Douglass -Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass -Apologist View in South -As Northern opposition to slavery grew, so did the prices of slaves -1836 “Gag Resolution”

Chapter 17:

Theme: American expansionism gained momentum in the 1840s, leading first to the acquisition of Texas and Oregon, and then to the Mexican War, which added southwestern territories to the United States and ignited the slavery question. -Manifest Destiny -54 40 or fight – Oregon campaign cry -Texas becomes 28th state in 1845 – further angers Mexico -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Wilmot Proviso – fails

Theme: American international prestige grew as the United States expanded. Successful military campaigns against Mexico, along with well-negotiated treaties with Britain, forced Europe to respect America more while Latin America began to be wary of the "Colossus of the North." -Ashburton-Webster Treaty -Buchanan Treaty -Bear Flag Revolt -General Zachary Taylor – Mexican War hero
-Mexican War boosts respect for American as it made no major blunders and proved its fighting ability

Chapter 18:

Theme: The sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery that erupted after the Mexican War was temporarily quieted by the Compromise of 1850, but the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 divided the country again. -Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo started new slavery debate -Northerners rally around Wilmot Proviso -Compromise of 1850 gave North the better deal -Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 – increases North/South tension -Kansas-Nebraska Act wrecks Compromise of 1820 and Compromise of 1850 -Northerners ceased to enforce Fugitive Slave Law at all; southerners still angered
Theme: In the 1850s American expansionism in the West and the Caribbean was extremely controversial because it was tied to the expansion of slavery. -California bypasses becoming a territory and avoids becoming a slave state -Ostend Manifesto – enraged North, thought of as ploy to get another slave state -Gadsden Purchase – gave the South transcontinental railroad location control
Theme: Manifest Destiny, war, expansion, slavery, and the end of the second party system all lead to the crisis of the Union. -Gold Fever in California – demographic shift -Underground Railroad infuriates the South -Death of Whigs elevates to sectional political alignments -Ostend Manifesto enrages the North -Kansas-Nebraska Act

Chapter 19:

Theme: A series of major North-South crises in the late 1850s resulted in the election of the antislavery Republican Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. His election caused seven southern states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America.
- Anti-slavery books Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton R. Helper inflame the South while being widely read in North
-John Brown – Pottawatomie Creek murder of five pro-slavery advocates in 1856
-Congressman Preston S. Brooks beats anti-slavery Senator Charles Sumner with cane
-Dred Scott decision
-The Great Debate – Lincoln vs. Douglas -splits Democrat party of 1860 election
-South Carolina immediately secedes when Lincoln is elected
-Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas follow six weeks later

Chapter 20:

Theme: The North effectively brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.
-At the beginning of the war the South held many advantages but soon found itself disabled by a scarcity of industrial prowess and a shortage of war necessities ensued
-The South relied on foreign help but didn’t receive it
-King Wheat & King Corn of the North beat out King Cotton, as Europe needed food much more than cotton
-Lincoln held the benefit of leading an established government over Jefferson Davis
Theme: Lincoln’s skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy. -Lincoln used moral persuasion to retain Border States
-Lincoln repeatedly said the war was a war to save the Union rather than one to free the slaves to keep Border States in the Union
-When a Union warship stopped British mail steamer the Trent to remove two Confederate diplomats Britain was outraged -Lincoln then released the prisoners and tensions cooled

Chapter 21:

Theme: The Civil War began as a limited struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation.
-Originally the war was states as a war to save the Union by Lincoln in order to keep Border States in Union
-Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 brought about the general idea of freeing slaves -Changes the war to a moral war
-Emancipation Proclamation undermined the labor of the South
Theme: After several years of enduring a seesaw struggle, the Union armies under Ulysses Grant finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and ended the Confederate bid for independence as well as the institution of slavery. -Anaconda Plan -Battle of Antietam shifts foreign policy to support North -Battle of Gettysburg
-Generals William Tecumseh Sherman and Ulysses S. Grant alter the war by not backing down at any cost
-April of 1865 Lee formally surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia

Chapter 22:

Theme: Johnson’s political blunders and Southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of congressional military Reconstruction on the South. Reconstruction did address difficult issues of reform and racial justice in the South and achieved some successes, but was ultimately abandoned, leaving a deep legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. -After the war the South is economically, politically, and socially devastated -Ten Percent Plan -Wade-Davis Bill -Johnson’s Plan -14th Amendment -Reconstruction Act of 1867 – divides South into five military zones -By 1870, all of the states had complied with standards of Reconstruction -Many southerners bitter to Reconstruction
Theme: During Reconstruction, the Constitution was strengthened with the Fourteenth (citizenship and equal protection of the laws) and Fifteenth (black voting rights) Amendments, but it was also tested with the conflicts between the President and Congress that culminated in an impeachment process. -14th Amendment attacks Black Codes -15th Amendment escalates racial discrimination -As Republicans gained congressional control they overrode Johnson’s vetoes
-Johnson began ‘Round the Circle speeches to lower amount of Republicans in Congress
-1867 Tenure of Office Act – violated by Johnson early 1868 – results in impeachment charges
Theme: Southern resistance to Reconstruction began immediately with the sending of ex-rebels to be seated in Congress and continued with the creation of violently oppressive groups like the Ku Klux Klan. Although forced to make some concessions, Southern "Redeemers" successfully outlasted the Congressional Reconstruction efforts. -Black Codes -Crop lien system develops to keep blacks economically subordinate -Ku Klux Klan founded in 1866 -Undermined abolitionist goals -Partially developed to suppress black voting
Chapter 23
Even as post-Civil War America expanded and industrialized; political life in the Gilded Age was marked by ineptitude, stalemate, and corruption. Despite their similarity at the national level, the two parties competed fiercely for offices and spoils, while doling out “pork-barrel” benefits to veterans and other special interest groups. * Boss Tweed-bribery, fake elections cheating NYC almost $200 million * Credit Moblier- Rail road company paid itself sums for stockholders * Laissez faire presidencies = no regulation of businesses * GAR “wave the bloody shirt ; spoils systems * Demand for capital goods increase as economy surges * Whiskey Ring
The serious issues of monetary abnd agrarian reform, labor, race, and economic fairness were largely swept under the rug by the political system, until revolting farmers and a major economic depression, beginning in 1893, created a growing sense of crisis and demands for radical change. * Populist Party – movement for farmers against rail road companies and laissez faire capitalism * Colored Farmers Alliance-black farmers alliance who were faced with difficulties due to rising prices and decreasing profits * Depression under President Cleveland due to overbuilding, speculation, and the agricultural enflation
The Compromise of 1877 made reconstruction officially over and white Democrats resumed political power in the South. Blacks, as well as poor whites,found themselves forced into sharecropping and tenant farming; what began as informal separation of blacks and whites in the immediate postwar years evovled into systematic state-level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws. * Failed Civil Rights Act of 1870 * Post Reconstruction = Jim Crow laws under Home Rule * Plessy V. Ferguson * Crop Lien system * Disenfranchisement of blacks politically- literacy tests, poll tax, Grandfather clause
Chapter 24
Theme: America accomplished heavy industrialization in the post–Civil War era. Spurred by the transcontinental rail network, business grew and consolidated into giant corporate trusts, as epitomized by the oil and steel industries. * Railroad land grants * Congress passed transcontinental railroads to unify entire nation * Credit Mobilier * Generated huge markets and jobs * Andrew Carnegie (steel) – vertical integration * John D Rockefeller (oil) – horizontal integration
Theme: Industrialization radically transformed the practices of labor and the condition of American working people. But despite frequent industrial strife and the efforts of various reformers and unions, workers failed to develop effective labor organizations to match the corporate forms of business. * National Labor Union – excluded minorities * Knights of Labor – Terence V Powderly the leader * Railroad strike * Haymarket Square Bomb * A F of L – Samuel Gompers , members were skilled laborers * Yellow dog contracts
Theme: With the concentration of capital in the hands of a few, new moralities arose to advance justifications for this social and economic phenomenon. A “survival of the fittest” theory emerged, a popular theory based on the thought of Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, which argued that millionaires were products of natural selection. Another theory known as the “Gospel of Wealth” argued that societies well-to-do had to prove themselves morally responsible. * Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” – advanced philanthropy * Herbert Spencer’s –social Darwinism * Russell Conwell-Acres of Diamonds * Evidence of Gilded Age and the façade of a prosperous nation
Chapter 25
Theme: In the late nineteenth century, American society was increasingly dominated by large urban centers. Explosive urban growth was accompanied by often disturbing changes, including the New Immigration, crowded slums, new religious outlooks, and conflicts over culture and values. While many Americans were disturbed by the new urban problems, cities also offered opportunities to women and expanded cultural horizons.

* Louis Sullivan perfected the skyscraper * Jacob Riis – “How the Other Half Lives” * Dumbbell tenements * New Immigration from * Southeast Europe – join the “land of opportunitiy” = increase nativism – hired for cheap labor * Jane Addams-Hull House – real reform! * Daughters of the American Revolution * ADA – against new immigrations * Chinese Exclusion Act * National Prohibition Party and Women’s Christian Temperance Union – expanded women influence in society
Theme: African Americans suffered the most as the south lagged behind other regions of the country with regard to educational improvements and opportunities. Two schools of thought emerged as to the best way to handle this problem. Booker T. Washington advocated that blacks should gain knowledge of useful trades. With this would come self-respect and economic security – Washington avoided the issue of social equality. W.E.B. Du Bois demanded complete equality for blacks, both social as well as economic. * Booker T. Washington – Tuskegee Institute= better educational opportunities for blacks * W.E.B. D Bois – confrontationlist - “Talented Ten” – most capable to suceed * NAACP – advocate for civil rights
Chapter 26
In the post Civil War period, the United States of America tried to eliminate traditional Native American life through military and government policy. Forced assimilation was accelerated through the advent of new technologies that helped to tame the western frontier. * Increase in technology – Tail roads, Steel plows, windmills * 1868-1890 Indian Wars – Battle of Wounded Knee ended the “war” * Laissez- faire presidency amplified mistreatment of Native Americans * Dead Indian Act * Office of Indian Affairs – aid to assimilate Native Americans * Slaughter of Buffalo – Native Americans relied on to survive in all aspects of living * Dawes Severalty Act
The farmers who populated the West found themselves the victims of an economic revolution in agriculture. Trapped in a permanent debtor dependency, in the 1880s they finally turned to political action to protest their condition. Their efforts culminated in the Populist Party’s attempt to create an interracial farmer/labor coalition in the 1890s, but William Jennings Bryan’s defeat in the pivotal election of 1896 signaled the triumph of urbanism and the middle class. However, the Populist Party’s visionary Omaha platform, although a failure, illuminated coming change in the progressive movement. * Granger laws – regulate railroads for different abuses against farmers * Homestead Act * Deflation made it hard for farmers to pay debts * Greenback Labor Party * Farmer’s Alliance – led by Ben Tillman seeking to overthrow the banks and railroads * Omaha Platform – James Weaver

Chapter 27
In the 1890s a number of economic and political forces sparked a spectacular burst of imperialistic expansionism for the United States that culminated in the Spanish-American War- a war that began over freeing Cuba and ended with the highly controversial acquisition of the Philippines and other territories. * Creation of American Navy * Jingoism * Invasion of Cuba against Spain brought on by Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” * Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden * Insular Cases
In the wake of the Spanish-American War, President Theodore Roosevelt pursued a bold and sometimes controversial new policy of asserting America’s influence abroad, particularly in East Asia and Latin America. * Roosevelt’s five “D’s” * Roosevelt’s “Big Stick” policy * “The White Man’s Burden” * Open Door Policy * Panama Canal * Anti-Imperialist League
Chapter 28
The strong progressive movement successfully demanded that the powers of government be applied to solving the economic and social problems of industrialization. Progressivism first gained strength at the city and state level, and then achieved national influence in the moderately progressive administrations of Theodore Roosevelt. * Teddy Roosevelt’s square deal – control of corporations, Consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources * Interstate Commerce Commission * Hepburn Act- regulate rail roads by restricting bribery * Northern Securities Company – controls the “bad trusts” * Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle” led to the Pure Food and Drug Act * Forest Reserve Act * City level – city manager system * Muller vs. Oregon * John Muir - environmentalist
Roosevelt’s hand-picked successor, William H. Taft, aligned himself with the Republican Old Guard, causing Roosevelt to break away and lead a progressive third-party crusade. * Dollar Diplomacy * Payne-Aldrich Bill * National Progressive Republican League * 1910 – Republicans split between Progressives and the Old Guard
Chapter 29
Theme: After winning a three-way election focused on different theories of progressivism, Woodrow Wilson successfully pushed through a sweeping program of domestic economic and social reform in his first term. * New Freedom – reform to break up all trusts, anti – welfare * Tackle the “triple wall of privilege” – tariff, bank, and trusts * Underwood Tariff – reduced import taxes, enacted an income tax * Federal Reserve Board – controls issue of money * Clayton Anti-trust act – outlawed holding companies * Federal Farm Loan – created credit and low interest rates for farmers
Theme: Wilson’s attempt to promote an idealistic progressive foreign policy failed, as dangerous military involvements threatened in both Latin America and the North Atlantic. * Stopped dollar diplomacy * Jones Act – granted full territorial status to Philippines and promised independence * Operated under Idealism * Precarious Neutrality – at first traded with both sides, began to turn pro – British * Wall Street financing

Chapter 30
Entering World War I in response to Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson turned America’s participation into a fervent ideological crusade for democracy that successfully stirred the public to a great voluntary war effort, but at some cost to traditional civil liberties. * Zimmerman Note * Wilson – “Make the world safe for Democracy” * Fourteen Point plan * Germany’s – U-boats * Committee on Public Information – “sell” the war to Americans who were against it * Espionage and Sedition Acts – attack on civil liberties * ACLU established to fight against attack on liberties * Victory gardens * 369th Battalion
After America’s limited but important contribution to the Allied victory a triumphant Wilson attempted to construct a peace based on his idealistic Fourteen Points. But because of European and senatorial opposition, and especially his own political errors, it doomed American ratification of the Versailles Treaty and participation in the League of Nations. * Treaty of Versailles * Lodge’s fourteen “reservations” to Treaty of Versailles – protect American sovereignty * Congress concern with Article X which morally bound U.S. to aid any member of League of Nations * U.S. isolationism, tradition, and disillusionment contributed to failure of treaty * Wilson’s approach to the treaty of “all or nothing” * Wilson/Congress fall out
Chapter 31
A disillusioned America turned away from idealism and reform after World War I and toward isolationism in foreign affairs, domestic social conservatism, and the pleasures of prosperity. * Red Scare-A. Mitchell Palmer –Palmer raids * Johnson Immigrant Act of 1924 * Rise of KKK * 18th Amendment * Electricity –appliances, street cars * Model T * ***Radio**** * Supply side economics and a pro business focus
New technologies, mass-marketing techniques, and new forms of entertainment fostered rapid cultural change along with a focus on consumer goods. But the accompanying changes in moral values and uncertainty about the future produced cultural anxiety as well as sharp intellectual critiques of American life. * Scopes Monkey Trial * Harlem Renaissance – Jazz Age – Louis Armstrong * Hollywood * Liberal vs. conservative * Modernism vs. Fundamentalism * Flappers – “New Woman” * Birth control – Margaret Sanger * Un chaperoned dating * * see Theme 1 for new technology and consumer goods*
Chapter 32
The Republican administrations of the prosperous 1920s pursued conservative, pro-business policies at home and economic unilateralism abroad. * Kellog-Briand Pact * Washington Disarment Conference * Rugged Individualism * Dawes Plan * Hawley –Smoot Tariff
The great crash of 1929 led to a severe , prolonged depression that devasted the American economy and spirit, and resisted Hoover’s limited efforts to correct it. * Poor distribution of wealth, overproduction, unbridled speculation, overuse of credit and buying stocks on margin were the main causes of the crash * Stocks lost 80% of value * Hoovervilles * 19304 million Americans jobless , 1932-shot to 12 million -25% * Psychological costs- loss of ambition, poor nutrition and health, birth rates low * Bonus March
Chapter 33
Roosevelt’s New Deal tackled the Great Depression with massive federal programs designed to bring about relief, recovery, and reform. * Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act – provided FDIC and eliminated bank failure and restored faith to banks -Liberal * Gold Reserve Act –controlled inflation * Emergency Banking relief Act * Roosevelt’s Fireside Chats – RADIO * Dole –gave direct relief to US citizens * Public Works administration – helped to relieve unemployment * Federal Securities Act – required information for soundness of stocks and bonds * *First 100 Days*
The New Deal made dramatic social and cultural changes for Americans with programs that advance minorities, women, and the arts. * Fair labor Standards Act * Social Security Act * Indian Reorganization Act * Tennessee Valley Authority * CCC * AAA * Homeowner’s loan corporation * Wagner Act 1935 * Fransis Perkins – Security of Labor * WPA projects * Eleanor Roosevelt * Chapter 34 * Theme: In the early and mid-1930s, the United States attempted to isolate itself from foreign involvements and wars. But by the end of the decade, the spread of totalitarianism and war in Europe forced Roosevelt to provide more and more assistance to desperate Britain, despite strong isolationist opposition. * Major Theme(s) - Foreign Policy * ~Good Neighbor Policy- Isolationist- idea of being a regional power rather than a world one * ~Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act – Internationalist- activated low tariff policies- aimed for relief and recovery * ~Nye Committee- Isolationist- studied causes of WWI * ~Neutrality Acts- Isolationist- created to prevent America from being sucked into the war * ~Quarantine Speech- Internationalist- called for an international “quarantine of the aggressor nations” as an alternative to U.S. neutrality and isolationism * ~Neutrality Act of 1939- Internationalist- allowed European nations to buy weapons on a “cash and carry” basis * ~FDR called for a build up of American armed forces to counter Hitler- Internationalist * ~FDR had Congress pass 1st peacetime draft in 1940- Internationalist * ~America was split between isolationism (Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies) and internationalism (America First Committee) * ~Lend Lease Act- Internationalist- allowed Europeans to borrow ships as long as they were returned when no longer needed- violated neutrality * ~Atlantic Charter- internationalist * ~ U.S. neutral with Japan until U.S. imposed embargoes- internationalist * ~ Pearl Harbor sparked desire for war- internationalist * Chapter 35 * Theme: Unified by Pearl Harbor, America effectively carried out a war mobilization effort that produced vast social and economic changes within American society. * Major Theme(s) –Social- Economic * ~ Japanese-Americans forced into internment camps- social –race anxiety * ~Some New Deal programs wiped out- social & economic –examples- CCC, WPA, or NYA * ~ Large military needs ended Great Depression by creating jobs and need for production- economic * ~War Production Board halted production of nonessential items like passenger cars and started production of war equipment like guns- economic * ~Economic Rationing- economic- national speed limit of 35 mph to save gas- collection of scrap metal to be recycled- saving cooking grease for explosives- planting victory gardens to help produce food * ~Farmers produced more food causing a spike in prices- economic- solved by regulation by Office of Price Administration controlling inflation with rationing coupons * ~ Many labor unions pledged not to strike- economic –United Mine Workers- Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act- allowed federal government seize and operate industries threatened by strikes * ~Women’s armed forces- social – WAACS (army) – WAVES (navy) – SPARS (coast guard) –WASPS (air force) –USO (civilian support) * ~Bracero Program –social – brought Mexican workers to America to work * ~women took up jobs in the workplace- social – Rosie the Riveter – did not return to homes after war * ~ African-Americans left the South for better places– social – tensions developed over housing, employment, and segregation facilities * ~ Fair Employment Practices Commission – social – discouraged racism and discrimination in the workplace * ~Congress of Racial Equality- social –founded in 1942 * ~Zoot Suit Riots-social- attack on Mexican American navy men * ~Detroit race riot- social – illustrates tension between races- killed 25 blacks and 9 whites * ~National Debt soared- economic –sold War Bonds to finance war * Theme: Following its “get Hitler first” strategy, the United States and its Allies invaded and liberated conquered Europe from Fascist rule. The slower strategy of “island-hopping” against Japan also proceeded successfully until the atomic bomb brought a sudden end to World War II. * Major Theme(s) –Foreign Policy * ~island hopping – Allies bypassed fortified islands, took over neighbors and choked off resistant forces with constant bombing and lack of supplies * ~breaking of German enigma code –helped pinpoint German U-boats * ~British and U.S. launched an attack on Cologne, France – Germans were pushed to Egypt and defeated * ~Casablanca Conference- FDR and Churchill agreed on “unconditional surrender” of enemies * ~Mussolini was deposed and new Italian government was created * ~1945 Axis troops in Italy surrendered * ~Tehran Conference- Wilson, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on simultaneous attacks * ~ 1944 D-Day- Allies drilled into France- important military event * ~May 7, 1945 –official German surrender – next day was proclaimed as V-E day (Victory in Europe Day) * ~Potsdam Conference- Allies threatened with an ultimatum – Surrender or be destroyed * ~Atomic bombs- Little Boy and Fat Man dropped onto Hiroshima and then Nagasaki * ~Japan surrendered –only terms that Emperor Hirohito be allowed to remain on Japanese throne * Chapter 36 * Theme: America emerged from World War II as the world’s strongest economic power, and commenced a postwar economic boom that lasted for two decades. A bulging population migrated to the suburbs and Sunbelt, leaving the cities increasingly to minorities and the poor. * Major Theme(s) -Economic- Social * ~Employment Act of 1946 –promotes maximum employment * ~Consumer Society- (fast food, auto industry, franchises) * ~ Sunbelt- region of opportunity in southern U.S. * ~Highways Act of 1956- expanded infrastructure * ~Sunbelt decreased economic and political power of the North/Northeast * (also known as the rustbelt) * ~Federal Housing Authority and Veteran’s Administration- made it * cheaper to live in suburbs than city apartments * ~Levittown- cheap but monotonous housing plans- left blacks and poor in cities * ~Baby Boom- returning soldiers having children with their sweethearts- created bulging population * * * Theme: The end of World War II left the United States and the Soviet Union as the two dominant world powers, and they soon became locked in a Cold War confrontation. The Cold War spread from Europe to become a global ideological conflict between democracy and communism. Among its effects were a nasty hot war in Korea and a domestic crusade against “disloyalty.” * Major Theme(s)- Foreign Policy * ~Yalta Conference-Churchill, FDR, Joseph Stalin- major WWII meeting * ~Buffer Zone (Eastern Bloc)- protective sphere around Russia * ~Iron Curtin Speech- delivered by Churchill * ~Potsdam Conference- divided Germany into 4 zones- USSR choked off access * to Berlin * ~Berlin Airlift- brought supplies to the people of Berlin * ~Truman Doctrine-U.S. promised to help Greece and Turkey to prevent falling * into communism * ~Nuclear proliferation began- USSR vs. US technology * ~Loyalty Review Board- anti communism- investigated federal employees * ~Joe McCarthy- started the Red Scare- charged people with suspicions of * communism * Chapter 37 * Theme: The Eisenhower years were characterized by prosperity and moderate conservatism at home and by the tensions of the Cold War abroad. * Major Theme(s)- economic- political * ~electronics field soared- electric companies prospered- IBM * ~White collar workers outnumbered blue collar workers * ~Eisenhower kept many New Deal programs- such as social security * ~McCarthyism- anticommunist fear- illustrates tension of the Cold War * ~dynamic conservatism- Eisenhower promised to be conservative with money * but liberal with the people * ~Mutual Assured Destruction- dropping massive nuclear bombs in retaliation * ~Domino Theory- sparked fear of communist revolution in Vietnam * * Theme: The 1950’s witnessed a huge expansion of the middle class and the blossoming of a consumer culture. Crucial to the development of a new lifestyle of leisure and affluence was the rise of the new technology of television. * Major Theme(s)-economic- technological * ~Levitt town- home ownership grew * ~White collar workers outnumbered blue collar laborers * ~Consumer Culture- Diner cards- McDonalds (franchises)- Disneyland * television stations * ~Televangelists- used TV to encourage religion * ~Gadget Society- demand for electronics (transistor radios, TVs, electronic appliances * ~Auto mania- the demand and passion for automobiles * Theme: While Dwight Eisenhower and the majority of Americans held to a cautious, family-oriented perspective on domestic social questions, an emerging civil rights movement and the influence of television and popular music presented challenges to the spirit of national “consensus.” * Major Theme(s)- Cultural- Social * ~TV shows- “Father Knows Best”- “Leave it to Beaver”- stereotyped women as * housewives despite the increase of women in the workplace * ~Counter Culture- anti conformity- increased sexuality- liberal- examples: Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, James Dean, Beatniks, and Marilyn Monroe * ~Checkers Speech- Nixon’s appeal to family oriented America * ~National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) * ~Rosa Parks- protested inequality- did not give up her bus seat for a white person * ~Martin Luther King Jr.- believed in peaceful methods of civil rights protests * ~Plessy vs. Ferguson- “separate but equal” facilities were unequal- ended segregation * ~Emmet Till Case (1955)- sparked passion in young Civil Rights advocates * ~Little Rock Nine-governor of Arkansas sent National Guard to prevent black students from enrolling in the Little Rock high school * ~Civil Rights Commission- set up to investigate violations of civil rights and protect voting rights * * * Chapter 38 * Theme: The Kennedy administration’s “flexible response” doctrine to combat Third World communism bore ill fruit in Cuba and especially Vietnam. Johnson’s massive escalation of the war failed to defeat the Communist Vietnamese forces, while growing domestic opposition finally forced him from power. * Major Theme(s)- Foreign policy- politics * ~flexible response- military options that can match whatever crises that came up- Green Berets- Brushfire wars * ~Viet Cong- Threatened American backed Diem government * ~Bay of Pigs- failed invasion of U.S. aided rebels in Cuba * ~Cuban Missile Crisis- Put world at brink of nuclear war * ~Tonkin Gulf Resolution- allowed LBJ to do what he could with the war- escalated war * ~Tet offensive- North Korea almost took Saigon in blistering offence- turned people against LBJ * ~LBJ stopped ordering troops to Vietnam- did not run in 1968 * * Theme: The Kennedy administration’s domestic stalemate ended in the mid-1960s, as Johnson’s Great Society and the black civil rights movement brought a tide of liberal social reform. But the diversion of resources and the social upheavals caused by the Vietnam War wrecked the Great Society. * Major Theme(s)- social- political * ~Great Society (Guns and Butter Policy)- war on poverty (Butter)- war in Vietnam (Guns) * ~Medicare and Medicaid- certain rights to elderly in health maintenance and medicine * ~Black Power- shift from gradual reform to civil disobedience to aggressive confrontation * ~Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee- urged abandonment of peaceful demonstrations * ~Credibility Gap- Vietnam War- shifty televised information on war- split the nation * ~LBJ personally suffered the war- became politically dead * * Theme: The 1960s would bring a sexual revolution, a civil rights revolution, the emergence of a “youth culture,” a devastating war in Vietnam, and the beginnings of a feminist revolution. * Major Theme(s)- social- political * ~Martin Luther King Jr.- believed in peaceful protest * ~Black Power- rallying cry by blacks seeking more rights * ~24th Amendment- eliminated poll taxes * ~Student Non Violent Coordinating Committee * ~Free Speech Movement 1964- the youth rejected patriotism- experimented with * drugs and sex- were against the war * ~Woodstock- high watermark of counter culture * ~Counter Culture- weakened existing American values * ~American Indian Movement * ~Mexican United Farm Workers Union- non-violent * Chapter 39 * Theme: As the war in Vietnam finally came to a disastrous conclusion, the United States struggled to create a more stable international climate. Détente with the two communist powers temporarily reduced Cold War tensions, but trouble in the Middle East threatened America’s energy supplies and economic stability. * Major Theme(s)- foreign policy- economics * ~Stagflation- stagnate economy and rising inflation from gas prices and war * ~Monroe Doctrine (Vietnamization)- left war to the Vietnamese- pulled 540,000 * American troops out of Vietnam * ~détente- relaxed tensions with USSR * ~ABM treaty (Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty) * ~SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)- lessened tension * ~MIRV (Multiple Independently-Targeted Reentry Vehicles) * ~Yom Kipper War- Arabs imposed an oil embargo- limited U.S. oil and caused a crisis * ~oil dependency- U.S. was importing more than it was exporting- end era of cheap energy * ~OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)- lifted the embargo in 1974- and then quadrupled the price of oil * Theme: Weakened by political difficulties of their own and others’ making, the administrations of the 1970s had trouble coping with America’s growing economic problems. The public also had trouble facing up to a sharp sense of limits and a general disillusionment with society. With the notable exception of the highly successful feminist movement, the social reform efforts of the 1960s fractured and stalled as the country settled into a frustrating and politically divisive stalemate. * Major Theme(s)- economic- social- political * ~Stagflation * ~Betty Friedans “The Feminine Mystique”- highly effective propaganda * ~National Organization of Women (NOW)- moderate feminists * ~Women’s International Terrorist Community from Hell (WITCH)- radical * feminists * ~Title IX- equal access for women in facilities and education opportunity * ~hostage situation in Tehran- anti-American Muslim militants stormed U.S. embassy in Tehran * ~rescue mission failed- humiliation for America * * * * Chapter 40 * Theme: Leading a conservative movement to power in Washington, Ronald Reagan vigorously pursued “new right” economic and social policies. Under Reagan and his successor George Bush, these policies brought both economic growth and massive budget deficits that put severe constraints on the federal government. * Major Theme(s)- political- economic- social * ~Neoconservatives- free- market capitalists * ~Supply Side Economics (Reaganomics)- benefited upper class- widened gap * between poor and rich * ~Moral Majority- aggressive advocates of conservative causes * ~S and L crisis- federal budget and trade deficit soared while falling oil prices hurt housing values and damaged savings and loans institutions * ~27th Amendment- no pay raises until an election had seated a new session of Congress * Theme: Religion pervaded American politics in the 1980’s; especially conspicuous was a coalition of conservative, evangelical Christians known as the religious right – led by Jerry Falwell, an evangelical from Virginia. An organization called the “Moral Majority” rose to oppose what they viewed as the moral deterioration of American values. * Major Theme(s)- religion * ~Jerry Falwell- evangelical minister- formed Moral Majority * ~ Moral Majority- aggressive political advocates of conservative causes- against * sexuality, abortion, feminism, and gay rights * ~New Right- traditional, conservative, evangelical –attacked New Left, young feminists * Theme: The 1980s saw a revival of Cold War confrontation, but the decade ended with the collapse of Communism, first in Eastern Europe and then in the Soviet Union itself. With the end of the Cold War and the U.S.-led victory over Iraq in the Persian Gulf War, America remained the world’s only superpower. A series of relatively small military interventions in the Caribbean, Africa, and the Balkans raised questions about the proper use of American force in the underdeveloped world. * Major Theme(s)- Foreign Policy * ~Mikhail Gorbachev- new leader of Soviet Russia * ~glasnost (openness)- aimed to introduce free speech and political liberty * ~perestroika (restructuring)- Soviets would adopt free-market economies similar * to those in the West * ~”Operation Desert Storm”- overwhelming land attack ending with Saddam Hussein’s surrender * Chapter 41 & 42 * Theme: Elected as the first baby-boom president, Bill Clinton tried to turn the Democratic Party in a more centrist direction. Ideological conflicts and sharp partisan battles in the 1990’s were overshadowed by a booming economy, a balanced federal budget, and America’s search to define its role in the increasingly global economy and system of international relations. * ~Congress filled with minorities and more women * ~health and medical care system * ~ Brady Bill- gun-control law * ~1996- Welfare Reform Bill * ~Affirmative Action * ~NAFTA- global free trade system- created WTO * ~growth in economic conditions * ~racial harmony * Theme: The 2000 election and the subsequent events that followed would deeply divide the nation and alienate the United States from traditional allies in the world community. * ~Cliff-hanger election * ~Florida called for recount * ~Bush campaign took its case to the Supreme Court * ~Challenged scientific finding (Kyoto treaty) * ~withdrew U.S. support from international health programs * ~9/11/01 * ~Asymmetrical Warfare * ~2001- U.S. Patriot Act (Civil Liberties) * ~Homeland Security 2002 * ~March 19, 2003- invasion of Iraq with only Britain as ally- U.S. seen as * imperialistic power * ~Dramatic changes in Social Security * ~”Compassionate Conservative” * Theme: The United States underwent drastic economic and social change in the final decades of the twentieth century. The economic transformation from an “industrial age” to an “information age” produced new economic advances as well as a rapidly increasing income gap between the wealthy and the poor. Changes in women’s roles, the family, and the arrival of new immigrant groups substantially altered the ways Americans live and work. * ~cultural pluralism * ~Hispanic, Somali, and Chinese immigrants * ~Digital world from an analog world * ~Microsoft and apple growth of internet and dot com = global economy * and outsourcing * Theme: Despite the weaknesses of television and problems in U.S. education, American culture, literature, and art remained the most dynamic and influential in the world. The new diversity of gender, ethnic, and racial voices contributed to the vital energy that made American democracy not simply a political system but an ever-changing source of fresh ideas and popular images.