APWH Cloze Review

World History Review sheet
Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory–3000 B.C.): Summary
A key to understanding history is studying the five themes of geography: location, place, ____ ____ ____, movement, and region. With the help of modern science, archaeologists analyze early human remains and reconstruct how early people lived. Historians learn about the past by examining and evaluating written evidence and other records.
The earliest period of human history is called the____ ____ ____. Paleolithic people developed skills and tools in order to survive. Their art and religion reflected the world in which they lived. The _____ agricultural revolution brought farming and permanent communities. Eight features of early civilization were _____, centralized governments, complex religions, job specialization, social classes, arts and architecture, public works, and writing. Many of the first civilizations emerged along _____ _____. Interaction among the various civilizations often brought about cultural change.

Ancient Middle East and Egypt (3200 B.C.–500 B.C.): Summary
In Egypt, the benefits of the _____ River supported the development of early civilization. Interaction between the Egyptians and such peoples as the Hyksos, _____, and Nubians had lasting significance. Religious beliefs about gods, values, and life after death profoundly affected ancient Egyptian life. _____ used a system of hieroglyphics to make written records. Other Egyptians made advances in science, mathematics, art, and literature. The Tigris and _____ rivers supported the development of _____ civilization. The need to cooperate for irrigation and _____ control led the Sumerians to form _____ _____with strong governments. The Sumerians' relationship with the land was reflected in their religious beliefs and their worldview. The Sumerians developed_____, basic algebra, and geometry, and made advances in medicine, geography, and astronomy. Hebrews and Phoenicians also made significant contributions to early civilization.
Strong rulers united the lands of the _____ Crescent into empires that had well-organized systems of law and government. Middle Eastern civilizations of the period also developed _____ working, coins, and an alphabet. Through warfare and trade, these and other cultural achievements spread to new lands.

Ancient India and China (2600 B.C.–A.D. 550): Summary
The vast Indian subcontinent is a land of mountains, fertile plains, and arid regions. Rivers and monsoons have had much influence on Indian life. In the _____ _____valley, archaeologists have uncovered the remains of India's first civilization. This civilization, which is thought to have flourished for about 1,000 years, eventually fell to the_____, who invaded India and destroyed many Indus Valley cities. Over the centuries, they abandoned their nomadic life, interacted with the people they conquered, and developed a new Indian civilization. The sacred______, an ancient collection of prayers, hymns, and other religious teachings, reveal much about the Aryans' religion and social structure.
Geography isolated early Chinese civilization, yet the people developed a writing system, literature, silk making, and other arts. They honored nature and ancestor spirits. Politically, they believed in the _____ __ _____and the dynastic cycle.

Ancient Greece (1750 B.C.–133 B.C.): Summary
Influenced by the civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia, _____ civilization developed in numerous city-states on the Greek mainland. Although _____separated Greek communities from one another, this land of islands and jagged coastlines had a common focus—the sea. Greek traders carried their ideas and culture around the_____.
Another result of geographic divisions was the growth of separate city-states, two of which were _____and Athens. After the _____ Wars, democracy thrived in _____, as it became the most powerful and prosperous Greek city-state. However, rivalry among the Greek city-states led to conflict. The resulting _____War ended Athenian greatness.
Greek _____developed ideas about government, morality, and the purpose of life. In literature and the arts, the Greeks sought beauty, harmony, and order. Their achievements set standards for future generations. Greece's golden age was followed by eventual decline and conquest at the hands of_____ __ _____, the Macedonian general who forged an extended empire. A blending of eastern and western cultures took place, especially in cities such as _____in Egypt. In the many lands that Alexander conquered, _____civilization flourished.

Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity (509 B.C.–A.D. 476): Summary
The central location of Rome helped the Romans unite Italy and the entire Mediterranean world under their rule. Through skillful diplomacy and military victories, they created a vast empire. Through gradual reforms, they made their _____form of government more democratic. Roman expansion brought about new economic classes, corruption, and attempted reforms. After a period of civil wars, the republic ended and the reign of _____ushered in the_____ _____. Since Rome absorbed ideas from the lands it conquered, Roman civilization became a blend of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions. The Romans made important advances in architecture, engineering, and practical science. The Romans also made significant contributions in literature, history, philosophy, and law. The Romans not only tolerated the different religions of the peoples they conquered, but also required loyalty to their gods and emperor. Rome's _____attitude toward religions did not extend to the new religion of_____. Yet, despite persecution, Christianity spread quickly throughout the empire, reshaping Roman beliefs.
Political turmoil marked the end of the Pax Romana. Emperors _____and _____attempted to solve the empire's problems through reforms, but the results were mixed and the gradual decline of the empire continued. Foreign invasions, the division of the empire, corruption, poverty, and the breakdown of moral values contributed to the decline and downfall of the Roman Empire.
Civilizations of the Americas (Prehistory–A.D. 1570): Summary
America's first people, nomadic hunter-gatherers, migrated across a land bridge from_____ to Alaska. Their descendents spread from North America into South America, forming distinctive cultures, each with its own language and way of life. In time, they became the advanced civilizations of the Mayas, _____, and Incas. Each had features of a complex civilization including job specialization, a well-organized central government, and a complex religion.
The diverse lands of the ____ empire were united by a strong government, a common language, and an impressive communication system. Religious practices influenced much of daily life. The Mayas and Aztecs developed writing systems and sophisticated farming methods, and made advances in mathematics and astronomy. As farming spread northward from Middle America, the people of North America began to build permanent settlements. Objects found in mounds in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys provide evidence of technology and trade. The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe (330–1613): Summary
As heir to the western,_____ _____ the Byzantine empire promoted a brilliant civilization that blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other traditions of the Mediterranean world. The emperor _____expanded the Byzantine empire, built magnificent buildings, and established a code of laws. A strong central government and a prosperous economy enabled the empire to survive for more than 1,000 years. Eventually, however, struggles over succession, court intrigues, and constant wars undermined its strength, and the Byzantine empire fell to _____forces.
Russia was profoundly influenced by Byzantine culture. Trade between the two cultures first introduced Russia to _____Christianity. Czars Ivan III and Ivan IV expanded the Russian empire and established a tradition of autocratic rule. The geography of Eastern Europe made it a cultural crossroads. During the Middle Ages, small kingdoms were frequently at war with one another. Without strong central governments, these kingdoms were often threatened by their larger neighbors. Many invasions and migrations contributed to the diversity and political turmoil of the region.

Muslim Civilizations (622–1629): Summary
The religion of Islam, founded by_____ emerged on the Arabian Peninsula in the 600s. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad was chosen to be the last and greatest prophet of_____, the one true God. Muhammad devoted his life to spreading Islam. All Muslims embrace _____ _____of faith. For Muslims, the _____ is the final authority on all matters of religion and daily life.
Arab armies, inspired by Muhammad's teachings, spread Islam through parts of three continents. In many areas, people welcomed Islamic teachings and the benefits of Muslim rule. After Muhammad's death, a split over leadership arose between the _____and the Shiites. By the 1200s, the Arab empire began to decline due to civil wars and foreign invasions. Even though the empire crumbled, Islam continued to link diverse people across an enormous area.
A vast international trade network helped to support manufacturing and agriculture. During the golden age of Muslim civilization, Muslims of many lands made advances in art, literature, and science. Muslim invasions resulted in the establishment of the Delhi sultanate and Muslim rule over northern India. Some Muslim and Hindu traditions blended, but there were also bloody clashes between the two peoples. _____the Great strengthened Muslim rule by instituting a policy of religious toleration. New military technology helped both the Ottomans and the _____ to create large and powerful empires. Although both empires were united by the beliefs and laws of Islam, at times other religions were tolerated.
Word Bank: five pillars, Neolithic, Nile, Akbar, Euphrates, Ottoman, Hellenistic, Old Stone Age, Allah, Constantine , Alexandria, flood , Quran, Christianity, cuneiform, Fertile, cities, human-environment interaction, Augustus, Roman empire, Aryans, Diocletian, Justinian Hittites, river valleys, philosophers, Indus River, mountains, Mediterranean, Pax Romana, Muhammad, Siberia, tolerant, Scribes, iron, Alexander the Great, Orthodox, Sumerian, city-states, republican, Aztecs, Vedas, Sunnis, Sparta, Athens, Mandate of Heaven, Minoan, Persian, Peloponnesian, Incan, Safavids