Areas of Management
Socialization –the social learning process through which individuals develop their human potentials and also acquire the established patterns of their culture (p. 362)… Socialization is not a simple “learn it once and it’s yours forever” experience reserved exclusively for societal newcomers. Even long-term members of any given society must continuously alter their personal knowledge, values, beliefs, and behaviors as physical, cultural, societal, and other environments surrounding them undergo constant—and often unexpected—change (p. 74)…We begin the socialization experience on the day of our birth, and we do not end that experience until the day of our death (p. 75).
Life-course Theories
Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)
... children gradually develop cognitive abilities through interaction with their social setting through the process of socialization. Piaget contends that children are not merely passive recipients of social stimuli; they are actively engaged in interpreting their environment as they attempt to adjust to it. Cognitive ability, in Piaget’s theory, advances in stages.
* Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to two years old) –most of the activities as associated with learning to coordinate body movements with information obtained from the senses…Only gradually do children come to realize that they are an object separate from other things…One of the most significant developments during this stage is the development of a sense of “object permanence” –a sense that objects exist even when they cannot be seen…During this stage, children come to see their world as an understandable and predictable place.
2. Preoperational stage (two to seven) … [children are starting to learn] to think symbolically and to use language... [they are extremely egoistic and] is clearly reflected in their inability to see things from other’s points of view.
3. Concrete operational stage (seven to eleven years old)
Life-course Theories
Cognitive Development (Jean Piaget)
... children gradually develop cognitive abilities through interaction with their social setting through the process of socialization. Piaget contends that children are not merely passive recipients of social stimuli; they are actively engaged in interpreting their environment as they attempt to adjust to it. Cognitive ability, in Piaget’s theory, advances in stages.
* Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor stage (birth to two years old) –most of the activities as associated with learning to coordinate body movements with information obtained from the senses…Only gradually do children come to realize that they are an object separate from other things…One of the most significant developments during this stage is the development of a sense of “object permanence” –a sense that objects exist even when they cannot be seen…During this stage, children come to see their world as an understandable and predictable place.
2. Preoperational stage (two to seven) … [children are starting to learn] to think symbolically and to use language... [they are extremely egoistic and] is clearly reflected in their inability to see things from other’s points of view.
3. Concrete operational stage (seven to eleven years old)