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Chapter 1
Introduction
Sleep is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma. The purposes and mechanisms of sleep are only partially clear and the subject of substantial ongoing research. Sleep is sometimes thought to help conserve energy, though this theory is not fully adequate as it only decreases metabolism by about 5–10%. Additionally it is observed that mammals require sleep even during the hypometabolic state of hibernation, in which circumstance it is actually a net loss of energy as the animal returns from hypothermia to euthermia in order to sleep (Wikipedia).
Sleep is a vital component of health. It is essential for mental and physical well being and is crucial for rejuvenation of the body. Impaired sleep quality can result in harmful effects on mental and physical well being. Impaired or disrupted sleep has been shown to cause poor concentration, reduced energy levels, altered immune function, poor wound healing, mood changes (increased impatience and irritability), increased risk of depression or anxiety, and a higher occurrence of accidents and falls, especially in the elderly (Lee, 2003; Hill, Cumming, Lewis, Carrington & Couteur, 2007).
Objective of the Study
This study aims to determine the sleeping behavior of the Students of AMA Fairview Section IM. Upon gathering the data the researcher will select few respondents from the section itself.

Statement of the Problem
The main objective of the study is to determine the sleeping habits of AMA Fairview students section IM. Specifically, it attempted to answer the following questions:
1. What are the Sleeping habits of the Section IM Students of AMA Fairview in terms of:

a. Gender
b. Age
Hypothesis
The following hypotheses were tested in this study:
There is no significant difference in the sleeping habits of AMA Fairview students section IM when they are classified according to:
1. Gender
2. Age
There is significant difference in the sleeping habits of AMA Fairview students section IM when they are classified according to:
1. Gender
2. Age
Theoritical Framework
The theoretical framework used for this study is Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). The SCT was developed in 1977 by Bandura from the Theory of Social Learning by adding the self-efficacy factor (Perry, Baranowske & Parcel, 1990). Bandura recognized that human behavior was complex, multifaceted, and could be easily shaped by outside factors (Perry et al., 1990). This theory describes a process called reciprocal determinism in which the person, environment, and behavior are continually interactive with each affecting the other (Bandura, 2001). Personal factors affecting human behavior could be in the form of cognition, affect, or biologic events. Environmental factors could 9 be either the social environment, which includes family and friends, or the physical environment (Bandura 2001).
Bandura viewed human functioning as a constant interplay between person, environment, and behaviors and believed they were a continual influence upon each other. His view of human functioning takes into account that people are vicarious learners and can be proactive, self-regulating, and self-reflective (Bandura, 2001). Bandura theorized people have a strong capacity to evaluate and postulate outcomes of actions based on prior experience and by observing behaviors of other people (Perry et al., 1990). People are able to reflect on their experiences and, depending on their internal values and beliefs, persuasion from others and self logic, they will either repeat the behavior or change it (Bandura, 2001). Through this self-regulatory process, acceptable behaviors are usually reinforced by peers, friends, and family, and behaviors will typically be repeated. Bandura, believed vicarious learning was continually reinforced through this means of social persuasion until mastery of the behavior was obtained. Within this theory Bandura expressed the importance of self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the individual’s confidence in their ability to perform a specific behavior. Self-efficacy is a strong determinant for behavioral change and influences personal performance in people, despite obstacles that may be present (Bandura, 2001). Self-efficacy and self-care behaviors are the primary targets for goal achievement in CR. Sleep can have a significant effect on self-efficacy and personal performance goals (Eden, 2006). Excessive sleepiness has been linked to a decrease in self-regulating behaviors, increased procrastination, and decreased motivation to obtain goals (Eden, 10 2006). It is essential to identify intentional or unintentional self-care behaviors regarding sleep in persons with CHD in order to promote self-efficacy for self-care in sleep. By utilizing SCT in CR, providers can promote self-efficacy in sleep.
Source: http://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PB/09pbs6421.pdf
Scope and Delimitations of the Study
The study was limited only to sleeping habits of AMA Fairview Students Section IM. This was conducted during the second trimester of the school year 2013-2014. The respondents of the study are slected stdents from section IM, AMA Fairview Campus. The descriptive method of research was used. The data gathering instrument was the questionnaire. The data were interpreted using the frequency and percentage distribution and mean.

Significance of the Study To identify or determine the sleeping habits of AMA Fairview Students Section IM is a major step in looking for a solution in minimizing tardiness among the students.
This study could be beneficial to the following :
AMACC Fairview Students. The result of this study may provide the students clear idea of what are the habits of Section IM Students of AMA Fairview.
AMACC FAIRVIEW CAMPUS. For holding the state of the whole campus and informing all the students, not only IT students but other department as well.
FACULTY MEMBERS. This study is significant to the faculty members of the said school because they will be informed and provided with the result of this study that will help correct their approach to the students. They will have insights to the present standing of their students’ right that will guide them in counseling their students with regards to their behavior which is proper practice to them.
PARENTS. The outcome of this study is beneficial also to the parents because parents can influence their children to have the right and proper sleeping habits. In addition, parents can also help their homes to augment the sleeping needs of their children which will enhance the learning process.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS. Finally, this study is significant to the future researchers because it will serve as a basis for their future study. They could be encouraged to conduct researches related to this study.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined to make the study more understandable:
AMA - AMA Computer University (AMACU), using the trade name AMA University, was the first ICT University in Asia.[2] The University serves as the flagship brand of the AMA Education System. AMACU is located in Maxima Street Villa Arca Subd., Project 8 Quezon City, Philippines, this educational institution specializes in electronic, information, and communication technologies. It follows a trimestral calendar where a typical four year collegiate education program under a semestral calendar is completed in only 3 years and 3 months. The AMA Education System has an annual student population of 300,000 located in more than 200 campuses in the Philippines and other parts of the world (Wikipedia).
Sleep - is a naturally recurring state characterized by reduced or absent consciousness, relatively suspended sensory activity, and inactivity of nearly all voluntary muscles. It is distinguished from wakefulness by a decreased ability to react to stimuli, and is more easily reversible than being in hibernation or a coma. Sleep is a heightened anabolic state, accentuating the growth and rejuvenation of the immune, nervous, skeletal and muscular systems. It is observed in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and in some form also in insects and even simpler animals such as nematodes (see the related article Sleep (non-human))(WikiPedia).
Habits - (or wonts) are routines of behavior that are repeated regularly and tend to occur subconsciously. In the American Journal of Psychology it is defined in this way: "A habit, from the standpoint of psychology, is a more or less fixed way of thinking, willing, or feeling acquired through previous repetition of a mental experience." Habitual behavior often goes unnoticed in persons exhibiting it, because a person does not need to engage in self-analysis when undertaking routine tasks. Habituation is an extremely simple form of learning, in which an organism, after a period of exposure to a stimulus, stops responding to that stimulus in varied manners. Habits are sometimes compulsory. The process by which new behaviours become automatic is habit formation. Examples of habit formation are the following: If you instinctively reach for a cigarette the moment you wake up in the morning, you have a habit. Also, if you lace up your running shoes and hit the streets as soon as you get home, you've acquired a habit. Old habits are hard to break and new habits are hard to form because the behavioural patterns we repeat are imprinted in our neural pathways, but it is possible to form new habits through repetition.
As behaviors are repeated in a consistent context, there is an incremental increase in the link between the context and the action. This increases the automaticity of the behavior in that context. Features of an automatic behavior are all or some of: efficiency, lack of awareness, unintentionality, uncontrollability (WikiPedia).

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature & Studies
This chapter deals with a review of literature and studies related to the study. 1. Sleep Deprivation and Its Effects on Productivity. 2. Sleeping Habits of Marine Engineers. 3. Lack of Sleep Is Linked to Obesity, New Evidence Shows. 4. Sleep in Residential Care. 5. Sleep habits and sleep problems among Palestinian students. 6. Adolescent Sleep: Review of Characteristics, Consequences, and Intervention. 7. Sleep and Alertness in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature. 8. Sleep Patterns of Urban School-going Adolescents

Sleep Deprivation and Its Effects on Productivity. Sleep deprivation has been an important topic of study with the first documented research on sleep deprivation being conducted by Mary D. Maneceine in 1894 on rats by depriving them of sleep and examining their behavior. Sleep deprivation is an important part of academic life. It is often quoted “a sound mind in a sound body” to describe the ideal and desirable state of a human being. It can be observed that the functioning of a ‘sound body’ is vital to the efficient working of a ‘sound mind’. To maintain a healthy body it important that the recuperative functions of the body are allowed to efficiently play their role. The most important recuperative or rebuilding function of the body is sleep which is followed by rest, etc. but it is a sad reality that students today seldom get the amount of sleep which is naturally required by their bodies. Due to this lack of sleep they are constantly in a state named in scientific terms as “sleep deprivation”. They are ‘sleep deprived’. sleep deprivation is not a minor problem and cannot be overlooked. As a matter of fact, there is quite a price to pay. It was observed...
Source: http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Sleep-Deprivation-And-Its-Effects-On/74508
Sleeping habits of marine engineers
There are done several studies and researches of marine personnel fatigue especially of deck officers. There is a demand and great interest to survey the sleeping habits of Swedish marine engineers. The aim of this Master Thesis is to find out if marine engineers get enough sleep. The purpose is also to find differences in sleeping patterns between technical chiefs and engineers.

This Master Thesis is a part of a greater study, where the marine engineers answered a medical questionnaire and filled a diary. Test persons wore also a special watch that recorded their sleep and wake results. This Master Thesis and its results are based on the answers given in the medical questionnaire. Questionnaire was filled in on Swedish vessels operating in different maritime sectors.
The results indicated that there were differences between engine personnel’s sleeping habits and especially in how they felt the fatigue. The results received from the medical questionnaire point out that there is a demand at some level for planning, execution and surveillance of marine engineers’ work task. To prevent fatigue in the engine room is current and desirable.
The individual circadian rhythm could be taken in consideration when planning work shifts. Work and especially sleeping environment should be suitable. Respecting the collective agreements of working hours is also an essential part when preventing fatigue at sea....
Source: http://www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Sleeping-Habits/29884

Lack of Sleep Is Linked to Obesity, New Evidence Shows
"Obesity develops when energy intake is greater than expenditure. Diet and physical activity play an important part in this, but an additional factor may be inadequate sleep," said Dr Kristen Knutson, from the University of Chicago. "A review of the evidence shows how short or poor quality sleep is linked to increased risk of obesity by de-regulating appetite, leading to increased energy consumption."
Dr Knutson accumulated evidence from experimental and observational studies of sleep. Observational studies revealed cross-sectional associations between getting fewer than six hours sleep and increased body mass index (BMI) or obesity.
The studies revealed how signals from the brain which control appetite regulation are impacted by experimental sleep restriction. Inadequate sleep impacts secretion of the signal hormones ghrelin, which increases appetite, and leptin, which indicates when the body is satiated. This can lead to increased food intake without the compensating energy expenditure.
"In the United States 18% of adults are estimated to get less than 6 hours of sleep, which equates to 53 million short sleepers who may be at risk of associated obesity," said Knutson. "Poor sleeping patterns are not random and it is important to consider the social, cultural and environmental factors which can cause inadequate sleep so at-risk groups can be identified."
The evidence suggests the association between inadequate sleep and higher BMI is stronger in children and adolescents. It also shows that sleep deficiency in lower socioeconomic groups may result in greater associated obesity risks.
The majority of the studies Dr Knutson examined came from Western countries, which highlights the need for more research to understand sleep's role in disease risk. However other research papers in the special issue focus on obesity in the United Arab Emirates, Samoa, and Brazil.
"These findings show that sleeping poorly can increase a person's risk of developing obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure or heart disease," concluded Knutson. "Future research should determine whether efforts to improve sleep can also help prevent the development of these diseases or improve the lives of patients with these conditions."
Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/04/120417080350.htm
Sleep in Residential Care
Sleep is necessary for good health at all stages of life. The need for restorative sleep is not dependent on age, and should not be assumed to lessen with age. Generally, some changes in sleep may be considered part of normal ageing; however, normal changes should not cause personal dissatisfaction with quantity or quality of sleep. Along with a negative influence on health and quality of life, sleep disturbances in older people can be problematic due to safety concerns, increased risk of falls and injury, as well as negatively impacting on the wellbeing of bedroom partners and careers. Sleep disruption is often a reason for residential care placement (as cited in ), and in residential care, poor resident sleep is often associated with disruptive behaviors and psychological distress. This literature review aims to explore the prevalence and causes of sleep disturbances in older populations, with an emphasis on those in residential care and including the large percentage of older people living with dementia in residential care. It also aims to explore evidence based strategies to improve sleep in residential care, and offer recommendations for further research based on sound evidence and protocols. Source:http://www.mednwh.unimelb.edu.au/nari_research/pdf_docs/Sleep_in_Resi_Care_08.pdf

Sleep habits and sleep problems among Palestinian students
Sleep habits and problems were investigated using a convenience sample of students from An-Najah National University, Palestine. The study was carried out during spring semester, 2009. A self-administered questionnaire developed based on The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV criteria and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used.
Source: http://www.capmh.com/content/5/1/25

Adolescent Sleep: Review of Characteristics, Consequences, and Intervention
Inadequate sleep is a pervasive problem among adolescents. This paper reviews the characteristics of adolescent sleep patterns, the negative consequences of poor sleep, and the interventions that target disrupted sleep among adolescents. Review of the literature suggests that systematic assessment and implementation of outpatient and school-based interventions are infrequent for this population, and in general provide mixed findings with regard to improvement of overall sleep quality. Existing barriers for implementation of intervention are discussed, and suggestions for improving interventions via inclusion of motivational interviewing techniques, skills building, and “hands-on” approaches through group activities are provided.
Source: http://www.scitechnol.com/2325-9639/2325-9639-1-104.php
Sleep and Alertness in Children With Attention-Deficits/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature
ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMON CHILDHOOD NEUROPSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS, ESTIMATED TO affect 5% to 10% of school-aged children.1,2 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth edition (DSMIV), 3 ADHD is characterized by a chronic pattern of inattention, impulsivity/hyperactivity, or both. Onset before the age of 7 and impaired functioning in 2 or more settings are required for the diagnosis.3 In recent years, there has been growing interest in sleep alterations associated with ADHD. This seems to reflect clinicians’ concern for better evaluation and treatment of those children with ADHD who may present with significant disturbances of sleep wake patterns. Researchers have analyzed sleep and alertness in children with ADHD using both subjective and objective studies. The former have been based on questionnaires filled out by the children or their parents; the latter have used techniques such as polysomnography, actigraphy, infrared video camera, and the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT). Results from both subjective and objective studies have been inconsistent: while some authors have reported significant differences between children with ADHD and controls, others have failed to replicate these findings. 4,5 Attempts to draw overall conclusions are hampered by the differing inclusion criteria of these studies. In particular, there are 3 important sources of variations that may account for some of the discrepancies seen in the results.
Source: http://www.journalsleep.org/Articles/290414.pdf
Sleep Patterns of Urban School-going Adolescents
Sleep affects physical growth, behavior and emotional development besides determining cognitive functioning, learning and attention(1). Apart from physiological, psychological and environmental factors, socio-cultural factors also play a major role in determining sleep pattern of a person(1-4). Most of the studies regarding sleep habits in adolescents are from the West; however, a few Asian studies(1-3) are available and these studies emphasize the effect of culture. Sleep habits of one community cannot be generalized; moreover, sleep pattern is linked with the academic performance starting in adolescents. Wolfson and Carskadon(5) described that main correlates of poor academic performance are self-reported erratic sleep wake schedule, short total sleep time, phase delay, and poor quality sleep.
Source: http://medind.nic.in/ibv/t08/i3/ibvt08i3p183.pdf

Chapter 3
Methodology
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURES This chapter presents the method of research used, the respondents (10) Boys(5) Girls (5), the data gathering instrument, validation of the questionnaire, and data processing and analysis.
Method of Research
The study used descriptive method of research. David (2012) discussed descriptive research as situation or given state, of affair in term of specified aspects of factors. What may be described is characteristic of individual or groups. The focus on prevailing conditions, or how a person, group or thing behaves or function on the present. It often involves some type of comparison or contrast. Descriptive method of research describes what students as respondents. In this study, the descriptive method used to determine the sleeping habits of AMA Fairview Students Section IM.
The Respondents The respondents of the study were the 10 AMA Fairview Students Section IM. The sample size was determined at random applying the Slovin’s formula, as presented by Padua (1993).

N n= ------------ 1+N (e)2
Where:
n= sample size N= total population 1= constant (e)2= margin of error which is .05

Data Gathering Instrument
Gathered information on the profile of the students according to sex and age.

Questionnaire
Name:___________________________________________________________
Date: _________________________ Age (Years): __________________
Gender (Male or Female):______

1. On weekdays (schooldays), I usually go to bed at?
a. 8:00PM – 9:00PM
b. 10:00PM – 11:00PM
c. 12:00AM – 1:00AM
d. Others, Specify _______

2. On weekdays (schooldays), I usually wake up at?

a. 5:00AM – 6:00AM
b. 7:00AM – 8:00AM
c. 9:00AM – 10:00AM
d. Others, Specify _______

3. What’s your sleeping environment like?
a. Noisy – Near the Highway, Commercial Area etc.
b. Peaceful – Warm & Quiet

4. Do you ever take an afternoon nap?
a. Yes, If I stayed up all night
b. Often
c. Very rarely

Psychology

Chapter 1 – 3
&
Questionnaire
Title:
Study of sleeping habits of students in AMA Fairview Section IM

Submitted By:
Bati-on , Charles Michael M.
IM - BSIT
Submitted To:
Mrs. Alvilyn Gonzales