New Jersey is often used as an example of a natural system gone awry. The unflattering term "New Jerseyization" was coined by a prominent scientist to describe a developed, eroding coast, where natural beaches have been replaced by engineering structures. This view may have been correct in the past, when seawalls and bulkheads replaced many of our beaches, but our beaches are being brought back by artificial nourishment projects. Hard protection structures are only one phase in the cycle of changes on a developed coast. Human efforts can help regenerate landforms and biota, providing we take a proactive approach to shore protection that accommodates a wide range of resource values. The preferred method of shore protection in New Jersey has changed from groins, to bulkheads and seawalls, to beach nourishment. Hard protection structures are less likely to be built in the future, but many structures still exist, and some new structures may have local usefulness. Accordingly, it is important to know how these structures function. It is also important to know that all protection strategies have usefulness, but they are not readily interchangeable at a given location. Beach nourishment can help restore lost natural values, but many municipalities have elected to grade and rake their nourished beaches, preventing them from evolving into topographically and biologically diverse natural environments. The large amount of sand scheduled to be pumped onto New Jersey beaches in the future represents an invaluable resource, but the full potential of nourishment will not be realized without addressing habitat improvement and nature-based tourism in addition to the goals of protection from erosion and flooding and provision of recreation space. A dune is another valuable natural resource that is often overlooked. Dunes provide protection from flooding and…
Across most of the world Common Law states that navigable waters are owned by the public at large. Tidelands fall under the category of navigable waters and are therefore protected up to the high high tide line. The protection of public lands has historically fallen on the government and is referred to as the Public Trust Doctrine (PTD). The history of this common law comes from many historical sources including, the Institutes of Justinian in Rome, the Magna Carta in England, and the Siete Partides in Spain (State Lands Commission 2001). The public’s ownership of navigable waters and their protection for the benefit of the public have also been set forth in past court cases and documents issues by numerous state and federal agencies including the State Lands Commission and the Army Corps of Engineers. The responsibility of both the state and local municipalities has been established in past court cases e.g. the Nature Conservancy’s suit regarding Mono Lake diversions. Martin v. Waddell 1842 brought the common law regarding navigable waters to North America. The protection of tidelands was entrusted to the original 13 colonies. The Equal Footing Doctrine that resulted from Pollard’s Lesee v. Hagan 1845 gave all states the responsibility to protect the public’s interest in navigable waters i.e. tidelands. Consequently the California State Legislature was entrusted with protecting the tidelands of California at its inception in 1850. The California State Legislature’s sale of the tidelands from 1858 to 1872 runs contrary to the Public Trust Doctrine. The legislature’s recognition that selling the tidelands was an egregious violation of the PTD can be inferred from the amendments to the state constitution in 1879 and 1910 that expressly protected the public’s right to access and fish the waterways (Article 1 section 25, Article X section 4). None the less abuse of the PTD has resulted in a mass…
The primary thesis of this article is that the common ownership formula would create higher equality amongst individuals. The author, Timothy Hinton, advocates that there should not be individuals in a community who are not provided for. He believes that every person is an equal co-owner of the Earth, and should reap its benefits equally. Therefore, if someone in a community cannot provide for themselves, then it is the rest of the community’s responsibility to care for that person. This is important within the field of philosophy in regards to moral and ethical obligations of members in a society. It is also important because this ideology could alter societal structure as we know it.…
Pevnick and Cafaro say that social and political resources cannot be equally owned by all people because they are the accomplishments of certain individual people. Pevnick and Cafaro do agree that there’s a moral case for collective ownership of natural resources, but not of social and political…
“There’s one thing that we have in this country, and that’s ways of fighting back.”…
Families “owned” the right to use of land, but they did not own the land itself…
The difference of the definitions of landownership between the United States and the Shoshone greatly shines in the reading as it portrays that for the Shoshones, “people do not have a dominating relationship with the land, but rather have responsibilities to protect the land areas from which they originate” (Fishel 622) while the government believes that the land is “a resource for human consumption and dominion” (Fishel 622). The difference in perspective about the land is one of the underlying factor regarding the dispute between the groups not only about the rights on whom the land belongs to, but also the way the land is being…
To the residents of West and North Banks, I wish to express my empathy. The residents have lost control over their property and feel violated and wronged. Soon a fence will compromise the residents’ lake access and scenic view and wall-off their properties from the lake.…
In 1848, An event called the “Mahele” changed the traditional Hawaiian system of land tenure from communal use to private ownership (Kameeleihiwa 3). Events in the past of Hawaii, like the Mahele of 1848, left a devastating mark in Hawaii’s history; It helped eventually lead to the overthrow of the monarch and still affects today’s problems in Hawaii.…
In the film, on the waterfront directed by Eliza Kazan. We are shown that caring can be difficult. Everybody should care for everybody else. Caring means feeling interested or concerned for yourself or others. In the male dominant world they live and work in, no woman’s care, kindness or nurturing aren’t present. Life on the docks, the longshoremen is revolved around Johnny friendly and the code ‘Dnd’. By obeying the code, you’ll be guaranteed safety and work could be an option. Charley and terry also obeyed the code Dnd but then finds themselves risking personal safety and security to fulfil their responsibility for themselves and others.…
Waves come naturally every so often, but due to the increasing amount of people trying out surfing, “every over- eager UC Santa Cruz student,every SIlicon Valley drudge dengin off a midlife crisis, and every newy christened surfer”, as Yogis’ article Saltwater Buddha says, not getting a fair division in waves is most likely what is going to happen. Locals try to keep their home turf away from tourists and the limelight. Popularity and amateurs littering the waters deters locals away from their “solitary Eden”. The creation of a single item is the main source of this increase of popularity. The wetsuit, created by Jack O’Neill permitted “old ladies, small children and wimpy Buddhists onto the waves” when, previously, only passionate surfers would go out to bear the chilly Santa Cruz waters.…
In 1940 the Nazis and Hitler were rapidly spreading through Europe. Only sixteen days after Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of Britain were the British Expeditionary Force and the First French Army trapped on the beaches surrounding Dunkirk, France ("Battle of Dunkirk"). There were 400,000 troops trapped on there, with the Nazis surprisingly halted. 338,000 troops were rescued from those beaches, thanks to efforts from many different groups of people ("World War II: Battle and Evacuation of Dunkirk"). In the speech “We Shall Fight On The Beaches” Winston Churchill used inspiring words and recent events to rally Britain to defy Hitler’s tyranny.…
The English Crown’s land-oriented economic goals dictated the travels and experiences of these laborers. During this time, English land’s high value played a significant role in the progression and aspirations of its occupants. Political and public office privileges for landowners, such as having the right to vote in local elections or hold office as a sheriff, added incentives for citizens to pursue land ownership. Therefore, colonists increasingly focused on American land, which was high in abundance, yet low in monetary value. However, ambitious colonists and typical farmers soon found themselves struggling to maintain their land without assistance from the sizable work force English property owners were accustomed to operating (Gray, 97-100). Heavy importation of indentured servants and slaves thus followed, beginning the transformation of British North America’s social and economic complexion. For example, worsening relations between Blacks and Whites questioned the morals behind the latter’s religious convictions…
The US still maintains a big amount of Okinawa, with their military bases taking up twenty percent of all land on the island. The loss of such a large proportion of agricultural land was and continues to be one of the main complaints of the Okinawans against Japanese authorities. The land is technically leased, with the local landowners receiving payments for it from the Japanese government. However, Okinawans have no choice in this matter since this leasing arrangement is “forced upon them by national legislation, the Special Measures Law for US Military Bases, with the governor of Okinawa designated as the proxy signatory to the leases which permits the continued use of the Okinawans’ land by US forces.” In 1996, the governor of Okinawa refused in the 1990’s to sign the lease agreement on behalf of local owners who did not want to renew the leases.…
Unequal distribution of wealth – the irony of outsiders benefiting more from the resources more than locals.…