Bio 104 Final Review
Biology Final Review
Chapter 1
Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields)
7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance 7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
Living systems show hierarchical organization
Each level has emergent properties * From the interaction of components * Cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves * “life” is an emergent property Philosophy of science: Karl Popper * Knowledge: objective * There is a truth * Truth exists outside of our perceptions The nature of science * A process of knowing * Understand natural world through observation and reasoning * Begins with observations * Therefore, much is purely descriptive * Classification of all life on Earth * Human genome sequencing * Both deductive and inductive reasoning * Deductive: general principles to make specific predictions * Inductive: specific observations to develop general conclusions Scientific approaches * Repeated observation of the phenomenon until you get a better and better explanation * Scientists use systematic approach to understand natural world * Observation * Hypothesis formation * Prediction * Experimentation * Conclusion * Hypothesis = a possible explanation for an observation * Must be tested to determine validity * Often tested many different ways * Allows for predictions to be made * Scientific process is iterative (repetitive)
Chapter 1
Biology unifies much of natural science * Living systems: most complex chemical systems on Earth * Constrained by properties of chemistry and physics * Science is becoming more interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields)
7 characteristics of all living organisms 1. Composed of cells 2. Complex and ordered 3. Respond to their environment 4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce 5. Obtain and use energy 6. Maintain internal balance 7. Allow for evolutionary adaptation
Living systems show hierarchical organization
Each level has emergent properties * From the interaction of components * Cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves * “life” is an emergent property Philosophy of science: Karl Popper * Knowledge: objective * There is a truth * Truth exists outside of our perceptions The nature of science * A process of knowing * Understand natural world through observation and reasoning * Begins with observations * Therefore, much is purely descriptive * Classification of all life on Earth * Human genome sequencing * Both deductive and inductive reasoning * Deductive: general principles to make specific predictions * Inductive: specific observations to develop general conclusions Scientific approaches * Repeated observation of the phenomenon until you get a better and better explanation * Scientists use systematic approach to understand natural world * Observation * Hypothesis formation * Prediction * Experimentation * Conclusion * Hypothesis = a possible explanation for an observation * Must be tested to determine validity * Often tested many different ways * Allows for predictions to be made * Scientific process is iterative (repetitive)