Bio 226 StudyQ Ch 9

Biology 226/Summer 2015
Dr. Beth Braun/Study Questions – Chapter 9

Reading in Chapter 9: Pages 276-285; 289-307

1. Name the 3 main types of muscle tissue, and the key characteristics of each type.

2. List and briefly describe the characteristics of all muscle tissue.

3. List and briefly describe the functions performed by muscle tissue.

4. What is another name for a skeletal muscle cell?

5. Name and briefly describe each level of structural organization of muscle tissue, starting with the cellular level progressing to the organ level.

6. List and briefly describe the connective tissue sheaths which organize muscle tissue.

7. What are the 2 different types of muscle attachment to bone? Give a specific example of each one.

8. a. Name each level of structural organization within a skeletal muscle cell.

b. Briefly describe the molecular composition of each level.

9. a. Name the contractile (functional) unit of skeletal muscle tissue.

b. Identify the key components of this unit on a diagram.

Biology 226/Dr. Braun/Study Questions – Chapter 9

c. Which components of the contractile unit move and therefore produce muscle contraction?

d. Where is ionic calcium stored in the contractile unit?

10. Name the model which describes muscle contraction based on the molecular changes within the cell.

11. What is the physiological meaning of “contraction”?

12. a. Name the sequence of events which converts a nerve signal into muscle contraction.

b. List and briefly describe the key steps in this sequence.

c. Which step is the basis of muscle contraction?

d. What role does calcium ions play in this sequence?

13. Briefly describe the molecular changes that produce rigor mortis, and the eventual relaxation of muscle tissue which follows it.

14. a. What is the cross-bridge cycle?

b. List and briefly describe the key events in this cycle.

15. Briefly explain the difference between muscle tension and muscle tone.

Biology 226/Dr. Braun/Study Questions – Chapter 9

16. What is a muscle twitch? How is it related to muscle tetanus?

17. Briefly explain the difference between complete and incomplete tetanus.

18. What controls the force of muscle contraction at the molecular level?

19. Distinguish 3 different types of muscle stimuli – threshold, subthreshold, maximal.

20. Explain the difference between an isotonic and an isometric contraction.

21. Explain the difference between a concentric and an eccentric contraction.

22. a. Name the 3 metabolic pathways which produce ATP in muscle tissue.

b. For each pathway, note how much ATP is produced, how long it can generate energy, and whether it uses oxygen.

23. What molecule provides energy after 30 seconds of exercise?

24. How is ATP produced during long-term exercise?

25. a. Define “aerobic endurance”.

b. Define “anaerobic threshold”.

26. What is the physiological meaning of muscle fatigue?

Biology 226/Dr. Braun/Study Questions – Chapter 9

27. a. Name the process which restores muscle tissue to its’ resting state after intense exercise.

b. List the molecular changes which occur during this process.

28. a. How much cellular energy is used to do work in muscle tissue?

b. What happens to energy generated by cellular metabolism that is not used for muscle activity?

29. a. What determines the force of a muscle contraction?

b. List the 4 factors which affect the force of muscle contraction.

30. What is the term for the best operating length for a muscle to generate tension?

31. a. Name the 2 functional characteristics of muscle fibers.

b. Name the 2 variations of each of these characteristics.

32. What is the resistance to muscle tension called?

33. What is muscle recruitment?

34. List the changes that occur in muscle tissue as a result of endurance exercise.

35. List the changes that occur in muscle tissue as a result of resistance exercise.

Biology 226/Dr. Braun/Study Questions - Chapter 9

36. What are the key characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?

37. Where is smooth muscle found?

38. Briefly, describe the structural organization of smooth muscle tissue.

39. What feature of smooth muscle results in the synchronous contraction of cells?

40. How does the chemistry of smooth muscle contraction differ from that of skeletal muscle?