Biology Chap 8
Chapter 8
Metabolism
Thousands of biochemical reactions
All require
Metabolism transforms matter & energy & obeys the laws of physics
Several steps from starting reactant to product
Metabolic Pathway
3 steps
Each is a separate reaction carried out by a unique and specific enzyme
Catabolic
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones
Release energy
Anabolic
Build molecules up
Consume energy
Energy
The capacity to cause change
Many forms in which some we can use to do work
Convert energy from one form to another
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Potential Energy
Is stored in the location of matter
Gravitational field
High up
Electrical field
Compressed spring
Stored when squished and released when it expands
Includes stored chemical energy
Thermodynamics
Study of transforming energy
System-what we are studying
Surroundings-everything else around it
Open system
Energy can go between system and surroundings
We are open systems
Take in light and release heat
Cells are open systems
Constant flow of food & waste out, preventing equilibrium
Cellular Respiration
Energy is coming out of the reaction product
Closed System
Reactions will eventually reach equilibrium
Doesn’t happen in cells and if it did we would be dead
First Law
You can transfer and transform it you but cant create and cant destroy it
Second Law
Changes that occur spontaneously that don’t require outside energy increase entropy, or disorder of the universe spontaneously= “energy favorable”
Entropy-dispersal of energy
Increases when anything happens
We expend energy to keep things in order
2nd law still stands true because the release of heat increases entropy by those heat molecules “running away” to go form new molecules
Free Energy- energy that is available to do work in the cell
ΔG- directly realted to change in total energy ΔH and the change in entropy ΔS
ΔG= ΔH –TΔS
During Spontaneous change:
Free energy decreases & the stability of a system increases
System becomes more stable
The energy
Metabolism
Thousands of biochemical reactions
All require
Metabolism transforms matter & energy & obeys the laws of physics
Several steps from starting reactant to product
Metabolic Pathway
3 steps
Each is a separate reaction carried out by a unique and specific enzyme
Catabolic
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones
Release energy
Anabolic
Build molecules up
Consume energy
Energy
The capacity to cause change
Many forms in which some we can use to do work
Convert energy from one form to another
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Potential Energy
Is stored in the location of matter
Gravitational field
High up
Electrical field
Compressed spring
Stored when squished and released when it expands
Includes stored chemical energy
Thermodynamics
Study of transforming energy
System-what we are studying
Surroundings-everything else around it
Open system
Energy can go between system and surroundings
We are open systems
Take in light and release heat
Cells are open systems
Constant flow of food & waste out, preventing equilibrium
Cellular Respiration
Energy is coming out of the reaction product
Closed System
Reactions will eventually reach equilibrium
Doesn’t happen in cells and if it did we would be dead
First Law
You can transfer and transform it you but cant create and cant destroy it
Second Law
Changes that occur spontaneously that don’t require outside energy increase entropy, or disorder of the universe spontaneously= “energy favorable”
Entropy-dispersal of energy
Increases when anything happens
We expend energy to keep things in order
2nd law still stands true because the release of heat increases entropy by those heat molecules “running away” to go form new molecules
Free Energy- energy that is available to do work in the cell
ΔG- directly realted to change in total energy ΔH and the change in entropy ΔS
ΔG= ΔH –TΔS
During Spontaneous change:
Free energy decreases & the stability of a system increases
System becomes more stable
The energy