Blue Planet 3e: Essay Questions
Test bank for Blue Planet 3e
Chapter 3
Essay questions (2) 1. Explain how the chemical composition of a mineral controls its crystal structure. 2. Some minerals contain economically important elements. If you were prospecting in the field, what tools would you carry to help you identify different minerals?
Fill in the blank (18) 1. The three common ------ of matter with which we are most familiar in our everyday lives are solid, liquid, and gas. 2. --------- are homogeneous masses of material that can be separated from one another by a definable boundary. 3. Colloids that consist of microparticles or nanoparticles suspended in a gas (such as air) are called -----------. 4. An ------------ is the smallest individual …show more content…
particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element. 5. ----------- are atoms with the same atomic number and hence essentially the same chemical properties, but different mass numbers. 6. ------------- form when one or more kinds of anion combine chemically with one or more kinds of cation in a specific ratio. 7. A ------------ is the smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound. 8. The term -----------is specifically applied to compounds consisting of carbon atoms that are joined to other carbon atoms by a strong type of bond called a covalent bond. 9. ------------- are long, chainlike polymers made of amino acids bonded together. 10. The ----------- of the Earth is a spherical mass composed largely of metallic iron, with smaller amounts of nickel and other elements. 11. The thick shell of dense, rocky matter that surrounds the Earth’s core is called the ------------. 12. Above the mantle lies the thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth, the ----------, which consists of rocky matter that is less dense than mantle rock. 13. Within the upper mantle, from 350 to about 100 km below the surface, is a region called the ----------- where the balance between temperature and pressure is such that rocks have little strength. 14. This hard outer layer, which includes the uppermost mantle and all of the crust, is called the -------------. 15. A mineral’s tendency to break in preferred directions along bright, reflective planar surfaces is called -----------. 16. The term ----------- refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched. 17. A ------------ is any naturally formed, nonliving, firm, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet (or asteroid, moon, or other related planetary object). 18. The product of rock weathering is a layer of broken-up, disintegrated rock matter called -----------.
True/False (20) 1. Water and lava are both liquids. 2. It is not possible for materials to coexist in two different phases but in the same state (False). 3. Solid, liquid and gas are the only three states of matter . 4. An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element and cannot be split into smaller components. 5. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. 6. When sugar and water are mixed together to form a solution, no chemical change has occurred. 7. Organic compounds can only be produced by living organisms. 8. Lipids are a type of organic molecule and are also polymers. 9. Genes are regions of DNA coded for specific proteins that perform particular functions. 10. Some forms of carbohydrates cannot be digested by humans. 11. Earth is the only terrestrial planet within our solar system. 12. The inner-most core of the Earth is completely liquid. 13. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. 14. There are transitions between solid and liquid within the Earth that occur without changes in composition . 15. Diamond is not an example of a mineral since it cannot be flaked apart . 16. Glass can be categorized as a mineral. 17. Minerals have a tendency to break in preferred directions along bright, reflective planar surfaces. 18. Metamorphic rock cannot be formed from igneous rock. 19. The longer amounts of time to cool lead to larger mineral grain sizes in igneous rock. 20. Soil is a special type of regolith that contains both organic matter and minerals.
Multiple choice (35) 1. Which of the following is the most viscous liquid? a. lava b. water c. diamond d. a solution of water and sugar 2.
When water changes into steam, e. both a change of state and a change of phase have occurred f. only a change of state has occurred g. only a change of phase has occurred h. neither a change of state nor a change of phase have occurred 3. A glass containing a layer of oil on top of a layer of water would contain: i. different phases but the same state j. different states but the same phase k. different states and different phases l. the same states and the same phases 4. A glass of water with ice cubes would contain: m. different states and different phases n. different phases but the same state o. different states but the same phase p. the same states and the same phases 5. _____________ hold their shape to a certain extent, but they are also jellylike and are easily deformed. q. colloids r. plasmas s. liquids t. solids u. aerosols 6. A naturally occurring ___________ is fog. v. aerosol w. colloid x. plasma y. liquid z. solid 7. The atomic number of an element is given by the number of __________ in its nucleus. {. protons |.
electrons }. neutrons ~. isotopes . energy shells 8. The mass number of an element is give by the sum of its: . protons and neutrons . protons and electrons . electrons and neutrons . protons and isotopes . isotopes and electrons 9. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of ___________ but different numbers of ___________. . protons; neutrons . neutrons; protons . protons; electrons . electrons; protons . neutrons; electrons 10. In an ionic bond, . electrons have been exchanged. . protons have been exchanged. . neutrons have been exchanged. . an isotope is formed. . a new element is formed. 11. Water is a _____________ containing oxygen and hydrogen while air is a _____________ of oxygen and nitrogen. . compound; mixture . mixture; compound . solution; compound . solution; mixture 12. Which of the following pairs of compounds are considered inorganic? . diamonds and carbon dioxide . biopolymers and diamonds . biopolymers and carbon dioxide . proteins and diamonds . proteins and biopolymers 13. In polymerization, . small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks. . more than two compounds have been added to a mixture. . compounds are joined only by ionic bond. . a mixture is created by joining multiple compounds. 14. DNA is an example of a: . nucleic acid . protein . carbohydrate . lipid . steroid 15. Which of the following is a carbohydrate? . glucose . fat . phospholipid . wax . steroid 16. Which of the following is not an example of a lipid? . proteins . fats and oils . phospholipids . waxes . steroids 17. Which of the following gives the correct compositional layering of the Earth, from interior to surface? . core, mantle, crust . crust, mantle, core . core, crust, mantle . crust, core, mantle . mantle, crust, core 18. Which of the following gives the correct order of the zones of rock strength, from the interior to the surface? . mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere . lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere . mesosphere, lithosphere, asthenosphere . lithosphere, mesosphere, asthenosphere . asthenosphere, mesosphere, lithosphere 19. Which are the two most abundant elements of the Earth’s continental crust? . oxygen and silicon . oxygen and aluminum . silicon and aluminum . iron and aluminum . iron and oxygen 20. Which of the following is not a requirement to be a mineral? . translucent . naturally formed . inorganic . solid . specific chemical composition 21. The common mineral silicate is composed of: . silicon and oxygen . magnesium and oxygen . sulfur and oxygen . carbon and oxygen . sulfur and oxygen 22. Which property is always the same for a given mineral? . angle between faces . size of crystal faces . size of crystals . crystal form 23. A _______________ is a breakage surface, whereas a _______________ is a growth surface. . cleavage surface; crystal face . crystal face; cleavage surface . crystal form; cleavage surface . cleavage surface; crystal form 24. The specific gravity of a mineral is: . the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water . the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of water to the weight of a substance . the average mass per unit volume . the average volume per unit mass 25. A rock formed from completely molten magma is a ________________ rock, while a rock formed by high temperatures and pressures without complete melting is a ____________ rock. . igneous; metamorphic . metamorphic; igneous . igneous; sedimentary . metamorphic; sedimentary . sedimentary; igneous 26. On the surface of the Earth, _____________ rocks are most common, while for the crust as a whole ________________ rocks are most common. . sedimentary; igneous . igneous; metamorphic . metamorphic; igneous . igneous; sedimentary . metamorphic; sedimentary 27. A thin section is often used to examine the ____________ of a rock. . texture . density . hardness . cleavage . luster 28. Igneous rocks that crystallize underground are ______________ rocks, while _____________ rocks crystallize after emerging from a volcanoe. . plutonic; volcanic . volcanic; plutonic . volcanic; metamorphic . metamorphic; volcanic . plutonic; metamorphic 29. Plutonic rocks cool more ____________ and have _____________ crystal sizes compared to volcanic rocks. . slowly; larger . quickly; larger . slowly; smaller . quickly; smaller 30. Which type of rock will have properties that reflect the direction pressure was applied to the rock during its transformation? . metamorphic . igneous . sedimentary . volcanic . plutonic 31. The presence of fossils indicates a specimen is which type of rock? . sedimentary . metamorphic . igneous . volcanic . plutonic 32. Regolith is: . the decomposition and disintegration of rock by weathering . a metamorphic rock that has been subjected to directional stresses . a igneous rock that cooled underneath the ground . a igneous rock that cooled on the surface of the Earth 33. Regolith becomes a type of ____________, which is then known as ____________ if it is transported. . sediment; alluvium . alluvium; sediment . sediment; clastic . clastic; sediment . alluvium; clastic 34. When regolith contains organic matter, it is: . soil . alluvium . clastic sediment . chemical sediment 35. In biogeochemical cycles, the material in these cycles _________________ and the energy that drives these cycles ______________. . remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed
Chapter 3
Essay questions (2) 1. Explain how the chemical composition of a mineral controls its crystal structure. 2. Some minerals contain economically important elements. If you were prospecting in the field, what tools would you carry to help you identify different minerals?
Fill in the blank (18) 1. The three common ------ of matter with which we are most familiar in our everyday lives are solid, liquid, and gas. 2. --------- are homogeneous masses of material that can be separated from one another by a definable boundary. 3. Colloids that consist of microparticles or nanoparticles suspended in a gas (such as air) are called -----------. 4. An ------------ is the smallest individual …show more content…
particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element. 5. ----------- are atoms with the same atomic number and hence essentially the same chemical properties, but different mass numbers. 6. ------------- form when one or more kinds of anion combine chemically with one or more kinds of cation in a specific ratio. 7. A ------------ is the smallest unit that retains all the properties of a compound. 8. The term -----------is specifically applied to compounds consisting of carbon atoms that are joined to other carbon atoms by a strong type of bond called a covalent bond. 9. ------------- are long, chainlike polymers made of amino acids bonded together. 10. The ----------- of the Earth is a spherical mass composed largely of metallic iron, with smaller amounts of nickel and other elements. 11. The thick shell of dense, rocky matter that surrounds the Earth’s core is called the ------------. 12. Above the mantle lies the thinnest and outermost layer of the Earth, the ----------, which consists of rocky matter that is less dense than mantle rock. 13. Within the upper mantle, from 350 to about 100 km below the surface, is a region called the ----------- where the balance between temperature and pressure is such that rocks have little strength. 14. This hard outer layer, which includes the uppermost mantle and all of the crust, is called the -------------. 15. A mineral’s tendency to break in preferred directions along bright, reflective planar surfaces is called -----------. 16. The term ----------- refers to the relative resistance of a mineral to being scratched. 17. A ------------ is any naturally formed, nonliving, firm, coherent aggregate mass of solid matter that constitutes part of a planet (or asteroid, moon, or other related planetary object). 18. The product of rock weathering is a layer of broken-up, disintegrated rock matter called -----------.
True/False (20) 1. Water and lava are both liquids. 2. It is not possible for materials to coexist in two different phases but in the same state (False). 3. Solid, liquid and gas are the only three states of matter . 4. An atom is the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive properties of a given chemical element and cannot be split into smaller components. 5. Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. 6. When sugar and water are mixed together to form a solution, no chemical change has occurred. 7. Organic compounds can only be produced by living organisms. 8. Lipids are a type of organic molecule and are also polymers. 9. Genes are regions of DNA coded for specific proteins that perform particular functions. 10. Some forms of carbohydrates cannot be digested by humans. 11. Earth is the only terrestrial planet within our solar system. 12. The inner-most core of the Earth is completely liquid. 13. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust. 14. There are transitions between solid and liquid within the Earth that occur without changes in composition . 15. Diamond is not an example of a mineral since it cannot be flaked apart . 16. Glass can be categorized as a mineral. 17. Minerals have a tendency to break in preferred directions along bright, reflective planar surfaces. 18. Metamorphic rock cannot be formed from igneous rock. 19. The longer amounts of time to cool lead to larger mineral grain sizes in igneous rock. 20. Soil is a special type of regolith that contains both organic matter and minerals.
Multiple choice (35) 1. Which of the following is the most viscous liquid? a. lava b. water c. diamond d. a solution of water and sugar 2.
When water changes into steam, e. both a change of state and a change of phase have occurred f. only a change of state has occurred g. only a change of phase has occurred h. neither a change of state nor a change of phase have occurred 3. A glass containing a layer of oil on top of a layer of water would contain: i. different phases but the same state j. different states but the same phase k. different states and different phases l. the same states and the same phases 4. A glass of water with ice cubes would contain: m. different states and different phases n. different phases but the same state o. different states but the same phase p. the same states and the same phases 5. _____________ hold their shape to a certain extent, but they are also jellylike and are easily deformed. q. colloids r. plasmas s. liquids t. solids u. aerosols 6. A naturally occurring ___________ is fog. v. aerosol w. colloid x. plasma y. liquid z. solid 7. The atomic number of an element is given by the number of __________ in its nucleus. {. protons |.
electrons }. neutrons ~. isotopes . energy shells 8. The mass number of an element is give by the sum of its: . protons and neutrons . protons and electrons . electrons and neutrons . protons and isotopes . isotopes and electrons 9. Isotopes of the same element have the same number of ___________ but different numbers of ___________. . protons; neutrons . neutrons; protons . protons; electrons . electrons; protons . neutrons; electrons 10. In an ionic bond, . electrons have been exchanged. . protons have been exchanged. . neutrons have been exchanged. . an isotope is formed. . a new element is formed. 11. Water is a _____________ containing oxygen and hydrogen while air is a _____________ of oxygen and nitrogen. . compound; mixture . mixture; compound . solution; compound . solution; mixture 12. Which of the following pairs of compounds are considered inorganic? . diamonds and carbon dioxide . biopolymers and diamonds . biopolymers and carbon dioxide . proteins and diamonds . proteins and biopolymers 13. In polymerization, . small molecules are linked together to for long chains or three-dimensional networks. . more than two compounds have been added to a mixture. . compounds are joined only by ionic bond. . a mixture is created by joining multiple compounds. 14. DNA is an example of a: . nucleic acid . protein . carbohydrate . lipid . steroid 15. Which of the following is a carbohydrate? . glucose . fat . phospholipid . wax . steroid 16. Which of the following is not an example of a lipid? . proteins . fats and oils . phospholipids . waxes . steroids 17. Which of the following gives the correct compositional layering of the Earth, from interior to surface? . core, mantle, crust . crust, mantle, core . core, crust, mantle . crust, core, mantle . mantle, crust, core 18. Which of the following gives the correct order of the zones of rock strength, from the interior to the surface? . mesosphere, asthenosphere, lithosphere . lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere . mesosphere, lithosphere, asthenosphere . lithosphere, mesosphere, asthenosphere . asthenosphere, mesosphere, lithosphere 19. Which are the two most abundant elements of the Earth’s continental crust? . oxygen and silicon . oxygen and aluminum . silicon and aluminum . iron and aluminum . iron and oxygen 20. Which of the following is not a requirement to be a mineral? . translucent . naturally formed . inorganic . solid . specific chemical composition 21. The common mineral silicate is composed of: . silicon and oxygen . magnesium and oxygen . sulfur and oxygen . carbon and oxygen . sulfur and oxygen 22. Which property is always the same for a given mineral? . angle between faces . size of crystal faces . size of crystals . crystal form 23. A _______________ is a breakage surface, whereas a _______________ is a growth surface. . cleavage surface; crystal face . crystal face; cleavage surface . crystal form; cleavage surface . cleavage surface; crystal form 24. The specific gravity of a mineral is: . the ratio of the weight of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of water . the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of water to the weight of a substance . the average mass per unit volume . the average volume per unit mass 25. A rock formed from completely molten magma is a ________________ rock, while a rock formed by high temperatures and pressures without complete melting is a ____________ rock. . igneous; metamorphic . metamorphic; igneous . igneous; sedimentary . metamorphic; sedimentary . sedimentary; igneous 26. On the surface of the Earth, _____________ rocks are most common, while for the crust as a whole ________________ rocks are most common. . sedimentary; igneous . igneous; metamorphic . metamorphic; igneous . igneous; sedimentary . metamorphic; sedimentary 27. A thin section is often used to examine the ____________ of a rock. . texture . density . hardness . cleavage . luster 28. Igneous rocks that crystallize underground are ______________ rocks, while _____________ rocks crystallize after emerging from a volcanoe. . plutonic; volcanic . volcanic; plutonic . volcanic; metamorphic . metamorphic; volcanic . plutonic; metamorphic 29. Plutonic rocks cool more ____________ and have _____________ crystal sizes compared to volcanic rocks. . slowly; larger . quickly; larger . slowly; smaller . quickly; smaller 30. Which type of rock will have properties that reflect the direction pressure was applied to the rock during its transformation? . metamorphic . igneous . sedimentary . volcanic . plutonic 31. The presence of fossils indicates a specimen is which type of rock? . sedimentary . metamorphic . igneous . volcanic . plutonic 32. Regolith is: . the decomposition and disintegration of rock by weathering . a metamorphic rock that has been subjected to directional stresses . a igneous rock that cooled underneath the ground . a igneous rock that cooled on the surface of the Earth 33. Regolith becomes a type of ____________, which is then known as ____________ if it is transported. . sediment; alluvium . alluvium; sediment . sediment; clastic . clastic; sediment . alluvium; clastic 34. When regolith contains organic matter, it is: . soil . alluvium . clastic sediment . chemical sediment 35. In biogeochemical cycles, the material in these cycles _________________ and the energy that drives these cycles ______________. . remains indefinitely; must be constantly renewed