Borderline Personality Disorders: A Case Study

Intimacy- Relationships largely superficial and exist to serve self-esteem regulation. Secondly through Pathological personality disorders; Grandiosity (an aspect of antagonism) - Feelings of entitlement, either overt or covert and Attention seeking (an aspect of Antagonism) - Excessive attempts to attract and be the focus of the attention of others; admiration seeking others (Aaron L. Pincus, 2016)
DSM-5 criteria for the diagnostic of Borderline personality disorder were based on the following; Significant Impairments in personality functioning manifested by either; I)Identity- Marked impoverished, poorly developed or often associated with excessive criticism, II) Self-direction: instability in goals, aspirations, values or career plans and through impairments in interpersonal functioning; I) empathy:
Compressed ability to recognize the feelings and needs of others associated with interpersonal hypersensitivity, II) Intimacy: intense, unstable and conflicted close relationships, marked by mistrust, neediness, and anxious preoccupation with real or imagined abandonment. Patrick Bateman exhibited two personality disorders; Borderline personality disorder and Narcissist personality disorder.
The character showed symptoms of both disorders-In borderline personality disorders, People display interpersonal relationships that are very unstable meaning they can switch from liking a person to hating a person without any reason. People with borderline disorder usually feel an emptiness which can lead to them to get attached to random people the barely even know just to fill up the space. They are worried about being alone and sometimes misinterpret people’s actions as a rejection. For example, if Jane had with Jeff and Jeff had to cancel due to an emergency or some reason, a person suffering from borderline personality disorder might interpret this case as rejection by the person and will end up becoming very depressed or angry. People with this disorder also experience mood swings, the mood of these people are usually unstable accompanied with high cases of depression, anxiety or frequent anger with no cause. The causes of Borderline personality disorder are complex and remain uncertain. No current model has been advanced to explain the available evidence. It may be arise through the
following factors; genetics and constitutional vulnerabilities; neurophysiological and neurobiological dysfunctions of emotional regulation and stress; psychosocial histories of childhood maltreatment and abuse; and disorganization of aspects of the affiliative behavioral system, most particularly the attachment style (Health, 2009). There are a variety of symptoms in borderline personality disorder which makes it more difficult to treat and diagnose. The complexity of this disorder is high because people that suffer from this disorder are also diagnosed with another mental disorder, such as substance abuse, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, can be simple as a phobia, agoraphobia, PTSD (Post traumatic stress disorder), panic order or somatization disorder. Close to 75 percent of people are victims of attempted suicide and about 10 percent actually committing suicide. There is a higher risk of suicide cases in the early stages of diagnosis about one or two years due to the fact these people are not diagnosed until they might have experienced a crisis in their lives. In addition to BPD connected to high risk of homicidal and suicidal attempts, a study was done using Cloninger’s psychobiological model where a large inpatient sample of individuals were examined. They were a total of 202 participants (Both men and female) and where compared to seven different groups. Researchers found that men with BPD were characterized by explosive temperaments as well as high levels of novelty seeking and harming avoidance whereas women with BPD were characterized by high levels of harm avoidance but not novelty seeking. Thus, explosive elements with novelty seeking appear to differentiate men from women with BPD (Randy A. Sansone, 2011)