Buddha's Brain

[in the SPOTLIGHT]
Richard J. Davidson and Antoine Lutz

Buddha’s Brain: Neuroplasticity and Meditation

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n a recent visit to the United States, the Dalai Lama gave a speech at the Society for Neuroscience’s annual meeting in Washington, D.C. Over the past several years, he has helped recruit Tibetan Buddhist monks for— and directly encouraged—research on the brain and meditation in the Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior at the University of WisconsinMadison. The findings from studies in this unusual sample, as well as related research efforts, suggest that over the course of meditating for tens of thousands of hours, the long-term practitioners had actually altered the structure and function of their brains. In this article we discuss neuroplasticity, which encompasses such alterations, and the findings from these studies. Further, we comment on the associated signal processing (SP) challenges, the current status, and how SP can contribute to advancing these studies. WHAT IS NEUROPLASTICITY? The term neuroplasticity is used to describe the brain changes that occur in response to experience. There are many different mechanisms of neuroplasticity, ranging from the growth of new connections to the creation of new neurons. When the framework of neuroplasticity is applied to meditation, we suggest that the mental training of meditation is fundamentally no different than other forms of skill acquisition that can induce plastic changes in the brain [1], [2]. WHAT IS MEDITATION? The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices, ranging from techDigital Object Identifier 10.1109/MSP.2007.910429

niques designed to promote relaxation to exercises, performed with a more farreaching goal such as a heightened sense of well-being. It is thus essential to be specific about the type of meditation practice under investigation. In [3], meditation was conceptualized as a family of complex emotional and attentional regulatory strategies developed

References: [1] A. Berger, O. Kofman, U. Livneh, and A. Henik, “Multidisciplinary perspectives on attention and the development of self-regulation,” Prog. Neurobiol., vol. 82, no. 5, pp. 256–286, 2007. [2] R.A. Poldrack, “Neural systems for perceptual skill learning,” Behav. Cognit. Neurosc. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 76–83, 2002. [3] A. Lutz, J.P. Dunne, and R.J. Davidson, “Meditation and the neuroscience of consciousness: An introduction,” in The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness, P.D. Zelazo and E. Thompson, Eds. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, in press. [4] J.A. Brefczynski-Lewis, A. Lutz, H.S. Schaefer, D.B. Levinson, and R.J. Davidson, “Neural correlates of attentional expertise in long-term meditation practitioners,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 104, no. 27, pp. 11483–11488. [5] H.A. Slagter, A. Lutz, L.L. Greischar, A.D. Francis, S. Nieuwenhuis, J.M. Davis, and R.J. Davidson, “Mental training affects use of limited brain resources,” PLoS Biol., vol. 5, no. 6, pp. e13800010008, 2007. [6] A. Lutz, L. Greischar, N.B. Rawlings, M. Ricard, and R.J. Davidson, “Long-term meditators self-induce high-amplitude synchrony during mental practice,” Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 101, no. 46, pp. 16369–16373, 2004. [SP] I N D I A N A U N I V E R S I T Y • P U R D U E U N I V E R S I T Y • F O R T WAY N E FOUNDING DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER OF EXCELLENCE IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION RESEARCH Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW) Department of Engineering invites applications and nominations for the position of Founding Director of the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research. Candidates must possess a recognized national reputation for research excellence in the field of wireless communication. Master’s degree required; possession of an earned doctorate in electrical engineering or its equivalent is highly desired. Preference will be given to candidates with a strong history of applied research, industry collaboration, and experience in Department of Defense-funded projects.The initial appointment will be for a period of three years with the option for subsequent renewal based upon performance. IPFW is a regional campus of both Indiana University and Purdue University and is the largest university in northeast Indiana. Serving more than 12,000 students and offering more than 180 degree options, IPFW is a comprehensive university with a strong tradition of service to and collaboration with the region. The Department of Engineering offers B.S. degrees in electrical, computer, civil, and mechanical engineering.The M.S. degree in engineering with concentrations in electrical, mechanical, computer, and systems engineering will be launched during the 2007-2008 school year. The department presently includes 16 full-time faculty members and has approximately 300 undergraduate students. The Founding Director of the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research shall have the following responsibilities: • • • • • • • • Establish the Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research, emphasizing the practical application of wireless technology for the needs of the regional defense industry. Expand collaboration with industry through sponsored research. Establish a wireless laboratory to support courses in wireless communication. Develop a series of undergraduate courses that would lead to an undergraduate certificate in wireless communication. Develop and teach courses for the Master of Science in Engineering (MSE) – electrical engineering concentration – that would lead to a graduate certificate in wireless communication. Develop and offer credit and non-credit professional development experiences for regional employees. Participate in IEEE 802.X standards development. Coordinate and host conferences on the application of wireless technology with an emphasis on defense applications and emerging commercial wireless technologies. This position offers a unique opportunity to build a Center of Excellence in Wireless Communication Research and to significantly expand industry-university collaborative research in the fields of wireless networks. IPFW offers a competitive salary and benefits package and an excellent work environment. Fort Wayne is the second largest city in Indiana and is located within several hours of Chicago, Columbus, Cincinnati, Detroit, and Indianapolis. It boasts affordable housing, a low cost of living and a safe environment in which to raise a family.The region is home to seven major defense contractors employing over 1,800 engineers working in the fields of wireless communication, sensor networks, C4, network-centric systems, and defense products. Applicants with extensive industrial rather than university career experience will be given serious consideration and are strongly encouraged to apply. Candidates demonstrating extensive contact networks within the business and governmental sectors will be preferred. To apply for this position, please visit our Web site at www.ipfw.jobs. Applicants should submit a cover letter addressing wireless communication and DoD knowledge and experience, resume/vita, statement of research and teaching experience, and the names and contact information for at least three references. The committee will begin review of applications immediately and the search will remain open until the position is filled. For additional information regarding IPFW and the Department of Engineering please visit the Web sites at: www.engr.ipfw.edu and www.ipfw.edu. ,3): LV DQ (TXDO 2SSRUWXQLW (TXDO $FFHVV $IILUPDWLYH $FWLRQ (PSORHU IEEE SIGNAL PROCESSING MAGAZINE [174] JANUARY 2008