Burn Injury Papers

Burn injury is among the most weakening traumas to humans. The rate of burns in the United States of America is estimated to be over 2 million cases per year, with 3,400 deaths per year and about 250000 people are burnt each year in the United Kingdom. Of these, almost 112000 attend an accident and emergency department and about 210 die of their injuries. According to the World Health Organization, it is estimated that about 300,000 dies worldwide each year due to burns. Burn injury causes significant dysfunction of numerous organs in the body (1-4). Extensive burns, Particularly, result in systemic problems for example sepsis (5). Taking care of burned patients imposes a large burden for health care organization. It is further than $500
million annual cost of burn patients' care in the United States. However, during the last decade, vast progresses have been made in reducing the mortality rate of burns, but it is still far from ideal. So the standard procedures and models is necessary to provide credible knowledge progress.
Burns are classified depending on superficial or first degree (burn restricted to the epidermis with skin redness); partial thickness or second degree (divide to superficial and deep, superficial reach to the epidermis and superficial dermis, showing hypersensitivity and pain, and deep extends to the deepest layer of the dermis with reduced sensitivity and red or white coloration of the tissue); full-thickness or third degree (burn involves the subcutaneous layer, with no sensitivity and white coloring. In burn site three areas (coagulation, stasis, and hyperaemia) were expressed by Jackson in 1947 (6). In zone of coagulation—this occurs at the point of maximum damage and there is irreversible tissue loss due to coagulation of the constituent proteins. The stasis area surrounds the coagulation area where tissue damage is permanent. The injury in this area is progressive after the first 24 h following the trauma due to continuous discharge of mediators and oxidative stress from burned tissues that leads to ischemia-induced cell death. It is a serious area which defines the depth and width of the necrosis in burns. Tissue damage in this area is potentially salvageable, but may develop to necrosis if not treated suitably.
Animal models have markedly enhanced our knowledge regarding cause and progress of many human diseases and have characterized to be a useful tool for evaluating therapeutic drugs.
For example, mutant mice models allowed us to have an understanding into the genetic pathways involved in diabetes and obesity. Additionally, the rat animal model has helped researchers to find the genetics basis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis (4, 7). For burn studies, in vitro models have restriction for example low capacity to achieve all forms of burn pathophysiology and/or limitation of the multiple clinical aspects of human burn injury. For these problems, animal models are required to discover the post-burn pathological mechanisms and test novel therapeutic strategies. One of the main limitations in researches of burn treatment is inaccessibility to a proper cases that presents all aspects of burn trauma. Therefore animal models are still necessary for discovering the molecular and cellular characteristics of human burn trauma. Furthermore, for complex structure of burns, a number of different animal models have been developed to study of burn pathophysiology (8-10).
The aim of this study is design an easy, cost-efficient and reproducible technique for establishing coherent burn injuries in a rat burn model, for the evaluation of burn wound in experimental studies. Therefore we define a Standardized scalding burn model in rat. In this regard, template firmly
held on the shaved back, only the region to be burned and connection with the boiling water. The burn wound is uniform in size and depth and can certainly be repeated. The template is simple and fast to assemble at a cheap cost and at any size.