Anatomy of the lungs: The lungs are in the thoracic cavity on either sides of the heart and are cone shaped. Each lung is divided into superior and inferior lobes. The right lung also has a middle lobe on top of those two. They are spongy air filled organs. The trachea, which is also referred to as the windpipe, conducts air into the lungs through the bronchi. The bronchi are further divided into smaller branches called bronchioles. Those then end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called pleura, which further acts as lubricants for the lungs to slip with each breath.…
The budget for this research proposal will be a total of $600,000 to appropriately complete a 2.5-year study. The first 6 months of the study would include working the nurses and pulmonologist to develop the patient education materials and exercise plans for patients in each of the 4 stages of COPD. The cost…
Provides 3-4 consequences of COPD from the first column. Information is mostly scientifically sound, thorough, necessary and sufficient.…
Currie, G. P. & Douglas, G. (2011) Non-pharmacological Management. In: Currie, G. P. (ed.) ABC of COPD. 2nd edition. Oxford, Blackwell, pp. 27-30.…
D.Z., a 65-year-old man, is admitted to a medical floor for exacerbation of his chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; emphysema). He has a past medical history of hypertension, which has been well controlled by Enalapril (Vasotec) for the past 6 years. He has had pneumonia yearly for the past 3 years, and has been a 2-pack-a-day smoker for 38 years. He appears as a cachectic man who is experiencing difficulty breathing at rest. He reports cough productive of thick yellow-green sputum. D.Z. seems irritable and anxious; he complains of sleeping poorly and states that lately feels tired most of the time. His vital signs (VS) are 162/84, 124, 36, 102 F, SaO2 88%. His admitting diagnosis is an acute exacerbation of chronic emphysema.…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make breathing difficult. The two main factors that cause COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. “In emphysema, the walls between many of the air sacs are damaged. As a result, the air sacs lose their shape and become floppy. This damage also can destroy the walls of the air sacs, leading to fewer and larger air sacs instead of many tiny ones. If this happens, the amount of gas exchange in the lungs is reduced. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken. Lots of thick mucus forms in the airways, making it hard to breathe. (What is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?)”. Patients with COPD are diagnosed by a physical examination, chest radiograph, pulmonary function test, blood gas analysis CT scan and arterial blood gases (Huether and McCance, Pg. 683 and 684). Treatment of COPD includes the use of inhaled anticholinergic, beta agonist, and corticosteroids. Pulmonary therapy, improved nutrition and breathing techniques can improve symptoms. If those treatments fail, then oxygen therapy must be started to ensure the patient is not hypoxic.…
The case study presents the outcome of smoking that resulted to RS’ chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. His ABGs’ show partially compensated respiratory acidosis as manifested by decreased pH, increased PaCO2, decreased PaO2 and increased HCO3. RS most likely has the following clinical findings caused by COPD: enlarged right heart along with the signs and symptoms of the right-sided failure, secondary polycythemia, hypoxemia and hypercarbia. The fact that he has chronic bronchitis, his cough is productive with thick mucus, breath sounds are coarse rales and chest is tight. Expected symptoms in emphysema…
Systemic manifestations and Comorbidities of COPD It defines Comorbidities' existence of each disease entity separate addition, during the clinical course of a disease object office [1]. The presence of Comorbidities has prognostic value with respect to survival, but also compared with the functional state. As with other chronic diseases, the prevalence of Comorbidities in elderly COPD is extremely high, the severity of Comorbidities and their impact on the various health status of the patient and patient and in the same subject over time, potentially in that so influence the clinical picture and especially the results. The Cigarette smoking is the most important and best recognized risk factor for COPD, is also a major risk factor for other chronic diseases and neoplasm [2]. Comorbidities for COPD…
COPD is characterized by airflow limitation that is poorly reversible. Cumulative, chronic exposure to cigarette smoking is the number one cause of the disease, but repeated exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution and occupational exposure (to coal, cotton, grain) are also important risk factors.…
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a sever condition which has landed third place in the leading causes of death in the United States. According to a study conducted by the World Health Organization (2004) COPD affects about 64 million people and have cause as much as 3 million people. According to health care professionals some people either have chronic bronchitis or emphysema and there are others which have both, although both of…
Hunter, M. & King, D. (2001). COPD; Management of Acute Exacerbations and Chronic Stable Disease. American Journal of Family Physicians. Aug 15;64(4):603-613.…
The author will attempt to give an in-depth exploration of the next stage, living for today while also discussing the Health Care Professionals’ role in providing a holistic approach to care. As COPD is a progressive lung disease (Kennedy, 2011) Symptom management is a major part of living with COPD, as such this assignment will look at Patients adherence and concordance to interventions. Symptoms such as breathlessness and fatigue will be discussed and the importance of smoking cessation addressed. Nutrition and healthy eating for patients with COPD will also be explored while also touching on the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation. The author will then go on to briefly explore the transition and progression of the illness by looking at the comorbidity associated with the disease. Finally the author will attempt to in essence look at the end of life stage of the Patients’ journey. In order to do this the Author has undergone a literature search using cinhal and pub-med. Key search terms such as “COPD” “Holistic approaches to COPD” “Living with COPD” among others were used.…
Exercise improves lung capacity and the body's ability to use oxygen. Sadly, by the time many seniors seek treatment, the COPD has progressed to a stage where exercise cannot be much more than walking for short distances. For seniors taking oxygen therapy, a doctor should be consulted prior to starting an exercise regimen.…
Bibliography: * "Patient.co.uk - Trusted Medical Information and Support." Patient.co.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 June 2012. <http://www.patient.co.uk/health/Chronic-Obstructive-Pulmonary-Disease.htm>.…
Gronkiewicz C and Borkgren-Okonek M (2004) Acute Exacerbation of COPD: Nursing Application of Evidence-Based Guidelines. Critical Care Nurse Quarterly 27(04):336-352…