Carotid And Vertebral Artery Dissection Research Paper
Chambers 1
Donovan Chambers
Dr. Joseph
Physics Project
1 July 2013 Carotid & Vertebral Artery Dissection
Carotid & Vertebral artery dissection are two brainrelated injuries that are caused alot by Roller Coasters, these types of injuries are caused by the sudden stops of Roller Coasters , but where did these Roller Coasters come from? The history of
Roller Coasters date all the way back to the 16th century. Although, Roller Coasters are a very popular and amusing attractions in America today, it wasn 't originated here. The very first, primitive ideas of Roller Coasters were created in Russia in the 1400s and
1500s. In the winter, seventyfoot hills were built of wood and packed with snow. Water was sprayed on the snow in order to freeze, so it would make a slicker track. Guides …show more content…
would take riders down the track on a sled by holding the rider in their lap. During the
1700s, outside of Saint Petersburg, Russia, colorful lanterns were hung along the track to allow people to go sledding at night.
Between 1817 and 1826, the French government let people build roller coasters.
One coaster design included motors on each coaster car, which was powered by a windmilllike machine. Another design handrails on each side of the track so the passengers could pull themselves up the hill. Another inventor incorporated a gamelike theme for his coaster, where riders would use spears to catch rings as the cars traveled along the track. However, French people eventually got tired of roller coasters after the
Chambers 2
19th century. The development of these rides migrated to the United States of America.
Physics must be used by architects to calculate the amount of Kinetic Energy at different points on the track to make sure the car will have enough Kinetic Energy to make it up various hills. Basically, as soon as the car goes down the first big hill, the amount of Greatest Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy change and interchange with each other depending on the location of the car, since the TE = KE + GPE. If it is not moving at the top of the big hill, then all of the energy is GPE since the velocity is zero in the KE equation. The value of GPE at the top of the biggest hill will also tell you the total amount of energy the car has to offer, since Total Energy = GPE + KE and KE is zero, so GPE = Total Energy. Which is a very important formula to use to make the roller coaster move and accelerate.
Also, physics also comes in to the roller coaster world as friction. Basically friction is the slowing force of two surfaces rubbing in contact with one another.
Although some people see friction as something that is almost in the way, it is extremely important, especially when a roller coaster is turning. If there is not enough friction directed toward the center of the turn, then the roller coaster will fly off the track. This is why the job of an rollercoaster architect is so important because it can potentially put anyone 's life in danger and that is the most important reason why, you must make precise and good measurements. Architects must also take into hand the health of other, i mean that is why they are hired for. They use different equations in their work in order to have a great and effective rollercoaster. To name a few there is there the equation to find velocity ,one to find force, and one to find mass . These are equations
Chambers 3
needed in order for these roller coasters to be built, if not there would be a whole lot more deaths and amusement parks and roller coaster architects would lose millions and millions of dollars.
We all know the basic designs and overall look of roller coasters. Big wooden or steel structures with coaster cars that has big drops and thrills. I have researched the different types of roller coasters and discovered that there were 8 different structures.
Nowadays here in 2013, there are 3054 steel structured rollercoasters and 173 wooden structured rollercoasters. The 8 different rollercoaster structures that exist are SitDown,
StandUp, Inverted, Suspended, Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and Fourth Dimension.
The most common basic types of roller coasters are SitDown, Standup,
Inverted, and Suspended. These are pretty much the basic designs for most roller coasters today. The more complex rollercoasters are Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and last but not least Fourth Dimension. These kind of roller coasters are very unique and they can easily cause a lot of different injuries if they are not engineered precisely and effectively. They all are very different in the way they move and their structures. The
Pipeline roller coaster is when riders are positioned between the rails, not below or above. The bobsled roller coaster is designed to be like a bobsled run, the coaster car runs freely through a trough. A flying roller coaster rides parallel to the track. The fourth dimension roller coaster is a rollercoaster with cars that spin on a horizontal axis.
Although there are mechanical engineers and architects that specialise in making all roller coasters as safe as possible, there are still some horrific and traumatic accidents each year. A vast majority of these annual injuries come from the irrational
Chambers 4
decisions made by people both riding and waiting. That 's why they constantly repeat the rules so, it would be your fault if you don 't abide by them.
Some roller coaster injury that has happened in 2009, is at Blackpool Pleasure
Beach in Blackpool, England, when two roller coaster cars collided on the Big Dipper roller coaster, leaving 21 people with injuries including whiplash, broken bones and back injuries. It was a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is,at Knott 's Berry
Farm in Buena Park, California, a 12yearold boy and his father were injured on the
Xcelerator roller coaster when a cable that launches the ride 's trains broke apart. The cable sliced through the calf of the boy 's left leg. The boy 's father was treated for back injuries. This also is a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is a 38yearold man died after he was rushed to a hospital with breathing problems he suffered on the
Firehawk roller coaster at Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio. Park workers noticed that the man was having trouble breathing when his train returned to the loading station and called for an ambulance. This is a flying type of roller coaster. That means as you ride the roller coaster your body and also the roller coaster car is parallel.
As you see most of these roller coasters are sit down, oldfashioned type of roller coasters. They malfunction because they are older than most. For example, the Big dipper its a wooden coaster so it is older and it would be easier for something to go wrong with it because it take more care and more time and effort, which is something that most amusement park don 't do.
Now the Big Dipper at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool, England, with the height of 65 ft, a drop of 50 ft, a length of 3300 ft, a speed of 40mph, a duration of 2
Chambers 5
minutes and 28 seconds, a gforce of 3.7, and a max vertical angle of 46°. had an incident where two roller coaster cars collided. Some tourist said that one of the trains stopped moving on the track and the other train, which was moving at some speed, crashed into it. The collision left both trains stuck on the track. One was about 20 feet off the ground and the other came close to the ground. A rescue team evacuated the riders using stretchers and spinal boards.
Ambulances took the passengers to hospitals for treatment. Most were released after they received treatment for harmless or minor injuries. One of the victims was sent to have to undergo facial surgery. Thirtytwo people were aboard the ride at the time of the accident. The Big Dipper, a wooden roller coaster, opened in 1923. The ride was a sitdown type of roller coaster and it caused the injuries because of the wear and tear of the roller coaster. The track got old and the chains got very weak which caused for the roller coaster cars to suddenly stop. The chains gave out when trying to haul all the weight of an car thats hundreds of pounds.
There are many ways that these incidents could be avoided. For example, the
Big Dipper accident could 've been avoided if the workers at the park maintained and kept the roller coaster steady and in good shape. The roller coaster engineers could come back every 5 to 10 years to look at the roller coasters and to check if it is still in shape. They also could of got the roller coaster refurbished every 20 years. This can make sure that there is no problems or no complications to put people lives in danger. The ways they could refurbish the roller coaster is by switching out the chains, restoring the wood, modifying the roller coaster cars to a more smooth and effective
Chambers 6
moving attraction, replacing the metal on the tracks, tightening the screws and bolts on the restraints, replacing the wheels, and last but not least the engineers of the roller coaster should come and put up some huge guardrails to hinder the cars if they collide, to keep the coaster cars on the track to be able to stop them from falling off the tracks.
This also was an accident due to faulty design because of the fact that they collided. They designed the coaster to be able to make 2 roller coasters ride at the same time, this was the main problem. That’s why when to first roller coaster stopped, the other roller coaster came not far behind and collided with the other coaster. To prevent this they should time the intervals better than how the did because, if they had the intervals time perfectly, they definitely would not have any problems to face because everything that could happen would already be anticipated.
The injury i was given fro my project is Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections.
They are similar but, they have a few differences. For example, vertebral artery dissection is a tear and the Carotid artery dissection is a separation. Basically, they both deal with the neck and brain, and the both cause less blood. A carotid artery dissection is a separation of layers of the artery wall which supplies blood to the brain. It is one of the leading causes of strokes in young people.Symptoms include headaches, neck and face pains (especially pain around the eyes), vision disturbances such as double vision or a droopy eyelid, a sudden decrease in sense of taste and weakness on one side of the body. A vertebral artery dissection is a flap like tear which is located in the vertebral artery (neck). It is also what supplies blood to the head. When the tear occurs it starts to create blood clots, which can cause the artery wall to thicken and eventually cause the
Chambers 7
blood flow in the head to slow down. This can easily cause the person to have a blackout because of the lack of oxygen and blood to the brain. The symptoms of this includes head and neck pain, and it also causes …show more content…
stroke symptoms such as, difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss.You can gets these injuries not by only roller coasters and various rides but also by doing simple everyday activities such as, cracking your neck, playing sports, riding your bike, yoga, various dancing moves, aggressive sexual intercourse and doing exercises like running on a treadmill, lifting weights, and using the exercise bikes. This shows us that we don 't have to do extreme things to get near death injuries.Just simple everyday activities can be potentially dangerous just like riding roller coasters, horseback riding, or mountain climbing. Certain medical conditions such as Marfan syndrome, a genetic connective tissue disease, can put individuals at risk for developing carotid artery dissection.
Carotid artery dissection in these patients is called “spontaneous,” because it occurs without trauma to the head or neck.
Now, i 'm going to use different case studies to show you an example of how people can get Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections and what they did to treat them and care for them to live. The case I am using is about a woman with no significant medical history who developed dissections of both carotid and both vertebral arteries,after a roller coaster ride. The 35yearold woman developed rightsided neck pain followed by a front headache immediately after a roller coaster ride. Five days after the incident happened, she developed complete loss of vision in her right eye for two
Chambers 8
hours straight.
Following that the vision improved but remained significantly decreased. When she went to the doctor, her vision was 20/200 in the right and 20/20 in the left eye. Her neurological exam was normal. The cerebral x ray showed both internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. The woman remained stable with conservative therapy without further worsening of vision or any new neurological damages. Outcomes for arterial dissections are usually favorable, but early diagnosis is critical for initiation of appropriate treatment of possible complications. Physicians must know when patients say they have any headache or neck pain triggered by violent motion after leisure activities such as roller coaster rides, it could be an artery dissection.This was an perfect example of Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection. It shows that they both are nothing to easily treat or get over. If these injuries don 't get treated soon enough it can lead to an even worse injury or even death. They must be treated and it take time and patience to heal.
The engineers use a lot of physics to make calculations of how safe the roller coaster will be. Thats why it take the builders almost 2 or 3 months to build these massive roller coaster tracks. It is basically like a trial and error type of thing, they test drive the roller coaster cars on the track over and over. The engineers that are there they record every single detail about the roller coaster and the track. The calculate the mass, gravity, acceleration, velocity, and all other aspects and data of the roller coaster.
Once they test drive them and record all the data, they go and do the math. They do the formulas to calculate the gforces to make sure they are not harmful, they calculate the
Chambers 9
outside forces, the centripetal force, and all variables that may be able to affect or interfere with the roller coaster. They also take into hand the work, the friction, the potential energy moments and the kinetic energy moments.
There are a good amount of rules and regulations that should be put into action because they will definitely change these amusement parks for good. First off they should have to change the head and neck restraints on the roller coaster cars every 5 years. The wear and tear damage cause them to be redundant and not able to serve their purpose. Second, they should have tighter restraints on roller coasters because when they get older and used a lot over the years, the bolts and screws can easily become loose and lead to a restraint opening during the ride. Rules for the roller coasters should be more enforced because majority of the case studies I read have to do with people not following the rules set by the engineers and creators of the ride. The rule keep your head erect should be enforced a lot because when you don 't keep your neck straight you are more prone to injury and you won 't have any support to keep your neck from getting hurt.
There is always going to be the basic, common rules you have to always follow such as obeying the listed age, height, weight, and health restrictions, observing all of the posted ride safety rules, keeping both your hands, arms, legs and feet inside the ride at all times, remaining seated during the ride until it comes to a complete stop and you are instructed to exit, following all verbal instructions given by ride operators or said
Chambers 10
by recorded announcements, always using the safety equipment that is provided and never attempting to wriggle free of or loosen restraints or other safety devices, making sure that parents that have young children should make sure that their children can understand the safe and appropriate ride behavior, never forcing anyone, especially children, to ride the attractions they don’t want to ride , and last but not least, if you see any unsafe behavior or condition on a ride, report it to a supervisor or manager immediately. All these rules has kept roller coasters safe and fun at amusement parks for years. Most of these rules are basically regular procedures to tell the group of riders that are riding because it makes the people that own the roller coaster park or amusement park not as liable for the injuries of the death. Also, they use these roller coaster rules because if they don 't show their roller coaster rules and warnings, they can get in trouble with the roller coaster inspectors and the roller coaster associations.
Many people think roller coasters are dangerous and you can die from them easily but there are actually built to be safe for the people to enjoy. The effects of these roller coasters are the same effects you face almost everyday. They make you dizzy, lightheaded, causes high blood pressure, and increases your heart rate. These same sensations can be felt by simply exercising or playing sports. These engineers take the time to make the roller coasters safer than everyday life. They use physics to perfect the calculations of the roller coasters, so, they can be fast and thrilling but, also safe and healthy for the riders that are riding. They take gravity, force, mass, acceleration, force, velocity, potential energy, and kinetic energy.Students explore the most basic physical principles of roller coasters, which are crucial to the initial design process for engineers
Chambers 11
building roller coasters.
They use all of the possibilities and limitations of roller coasters with the of energy conservation, frictional losses, and other physical principles. After the calculations, engineers can definitely be able to analyze the motion of any existing gravitydriven coaster and design their own roller coasters.
Works Cited Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work."
HowStuffWorks
. Discovery, 9 Aug. 2007.
Web. 13 July 2013. Lascelles, Karine P. "An Unexpected Consequence of a Roller Coaster Ride."
Lascelles Et Al. 71 (5): 704
. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry with
Practical Neurology, 25 May 2005. Web. 17 July 2013. Braksiek, Robert J., and David J. Roberts. "The Website Capital2.capital.edu 's
Keywords in Search Engine."
Capital2.capital.edu
. The American College of
Emergency Physicians., 25 Oct. 2000. Web. 14 July 2013. Liebeskind, David S., and Jeffery Saver. "Spontaneous Cerebral and Cervical Artery
Dissection: Clinical Features and Diagnosis."
Spontaneous Cerebral and Cervical
Artery Dissection: Clinical Features and Diagnosis
. Wolters Kluwer Health, 6 May
2013.
Web. 14 July 2013. Costanza, Jared. ""I Could Have Died.""
RideAccidents.com
. Ride Accidents, 11 Aug.
2009. Web. 14 July 2013.
Chambers 12
Donovan Chambers
Dr. Joseph
Physics Project
1 July 2013 Carotid & Vertebral Artery Dissection
Carotid & Vertebral artery dissection are two brainrelated injuries that are caused alot by Roller Coasters, these types of injuries are caused by the sudden stops of Roller Coasters , but where did these Roller Coasters come from? The history of
Roller Coasters date all the way back to the 16th century. Although, Roller Coasters are a very popular and amusing attractions in America today, it wasn 't originated here. The very first, primitive ideas of Roller Coasters were created in Russia in the 1400s and
1500s. In the winter, seventyfoot hills were built of wood and packed with snow. Water was sprayed on the snow in order to freeze, so it would make a slicker track. Guides …show more content…
would take riders down the track on a sled by holding the rider in their lap. During the
1700s, outside of Saint Petersburg, Russia, colorful lanterns were hung along the track to allow people to go sledding at night.
Between 1817 and 1826, the French government let people build roller coasters.
One coaster design included motors on each coaster car, which was powered by a windmilllike machine. Another design handrails on each side of the track so the passengers could pull themselves up the hill. Another inventor incorporated a gamelike theme for his coaster, where riders would use spears to catch rings as the cars traveled along the track. However, French people eventually got tired of roller coasters after the
Chambers 2
19th century. The development of these rides migrated to the United States of America.
Physics must be used by architects to calculate the amount of Kinetic Energy at different points on the track to make sure the car will have enough Kinetic Energy to make it up various hills. Basically, as soon as the car goes down the first big hill, the amount of Greatest Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy change and interchange with each other depending on the location of the car, since the TE = KE + GPE. If it is not moving at the top of the big hill, then all of the energy is GPE since the velocity is zero in the KE equation. The value of GPE at the top of the biggest hill will also tell you the total amount of energy the car has to offer, since Total Energy = GPE + KE and KE is zero, so GPE = Total Energy. Which is a very important formula to use to make the roller coaster move and accelerate.
Also, physics also comes in to the roller coaster world as friction. Basically friction is the slowing force of two surfaces rubbing in contact with one another.
Although some people see friction as something that is almost in the way, it is extremely important, especially when a roller coaster is turning. If there is not enough friction directed toward the center of the turn, then the roller coaster will fly off the track. This is why the job of an rollercoaster architect is so important because it can potentially put anyone 's life in danger and that is the most important reason why, you must make precise and good measurements. Architects must also take into hand the health of other, i mean that is why they are hired for. They use different equations in their work in order to have a great and effective rollercoaster. To name a few there is there the equation to find velocity ,one to find force, and one to find mass . These are equations
Chambers 3
needed in order for these roller coasters to be built, if not there would be a whole lot more deaths and amusement parks and roller coaster architects would lose millions and millions of dollars.
We all know the basic designs and overall look of roller coasters. Big wooden or steel structures with coaster cars that has big drops and thrills. I have researched the different types of roller coasters and discovered that there were 8 different structures.
Nowadays here in 2013, there are 3054 steel structured rollercoasters and 173 wooden structured rollercoasters. The 8 different rollercoaster structures that exist are SitDown,
StandUp, Inverted, Suspended, Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and Fourth Dimension.
The most common basic types of roller coasters are SitDown, Standup,
Inverted, and Suspended. These are pretty much the basic designs for most roller coasters today. The more complex rollercoasters are Pipeline, Bobsled, Flying, and last but not least Fourth Dimension. These kind of roller coasters are very unique and they can easily cause a lot of different injuries if they are not engineered precisely and effectively. They all are very different in the way they move and their structures. The
Pipeline roller coaster is when riders are positioned between the rails, not below or above. The bobsled roller coaster is designed to be like a bobsled run, the coaster car runs freely through a trough. A flying roller coaster rides parallel to the track. The fourth dimension roller coaster is a rollercoaster with cars that spin on a horizontal axis.
Although there are mechanical engineers and architects that specialise in making all roller coasters as safe as possible, there are still some horrific and traumatic accidents each year. A vast majority of these annual injuries come from the irrational
Chambers 4
decisions made by people both riding and waiting. That 's why they constantly repeat the rules so, it would be your fault if you don 't abide by them.
Some roller coaster injury that has happened in 2009, is at Blackpool Pleasure
Beach in Blackpool, England, when two roller coaster cars collided on the Big Dipper roller coaster, leaving 21 people with injuries including whiplash, broken bones and back injuries. It was a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is,at Knott 's Berry
Farm in Buena Park, California, a 12yearold boy and his father were injured on the
Xcelerator roller coaster when a cable that launches the ride 's trains broke apart. The cable sliced through the calf of the boy 's left leg. The boy 's father was treated for back injuries. This also is a sit down type of roller coaster. Another one is a 38yearold man died after he was rushed to a hospital with breathing problems he suffered on the
Firehawk roller coaster at Kings Island theme park in Mason, Ohio. Park workers noticed that the man was having trouble breathing when his train returned to the loading station and called for an ambulance. This is a flying type of roller coaster. That means as you ride the roller coaster your body and also the roller coaster car is parallel.
As you see most of these roller coasters are sit down, oldfashioned type of roller coasters. They malfunction because they are older than most. For example, the Big dipper its a wooden coaster so it is older and it would be easier for something to go wrong with it because it take more care and more time and effort, which is something that most amusement park don 't do.
Now the Big Dipper at Blackpool Pleasure Beach in Blackpool, England, with the height of 65 ft, a drop of 50 ft, a length of 3300 ft, a speed of 40mph, a duration of 2
Chambers 5
minutes and 28 seconds, a gforce of 3.7, and a max vertical angle of 46°. had an incident where two roller coaster cars collided. Some tourist said that one of the trains stopped moving on the track and the other train, which was moving at some speed, crashed into it. The collision left both trains stuck on the track. One was about 20 feet off the ground and the other came close to the ground. A rescue team evacuated the riders using stretchers and spinal boards.
Ambulances took the passengers to hospitals for treatment. Most were released after they received treatment for harmless or minor injuries. One of the victims was sent to have to undergo facial surgery. Thirtytwo people were aboard the ride at the time of the accident. The Big Dipper, a wooden roller coaster, opened in 1923. The ride was a sitdown type of roller coaster and it caused the injuries because of the wear and tear of the roller coaster. The track got old and the chains got very weak which caused for the roller coaster cars to suddenly stop. The chains gave out when trying to haul all the weight of an car thats hundreds of pounds.
There are many ways that these incidents could be avoided. For example, the
Big Dipper accident could 've been avoided if the workers at the park maintained and kept the roller coaster steady and in good shape. The roller coaster engineers could come back every 5 to 10 years to look at the roller coasters and to check if it is still in shape. They also could of got the roller coaster refurbished every 20 years. This can make sure that there is no problems or no complications to put people lives in danger. The ways they could refurbish the roller coaster is by switching out the chains, restoring the wood, modifying the roller coaster cars to a more smooth and effective
Chambers 6
moving attraction, replacing the metal on the tracks, tightening the screws and bolts on the restraints, replacing the wheels, and last but not least the engineers of the roller coaster should come and put up some huge guardrails to hinder the cars if they collide, to keep the coaster cars on the track to be able to stop them from falling off the tracks.
This also was an accident due to faulty design because of the fact that they collided. They designed the coaster to be able to make 2 roller coasters ride at the same time, this was the main problem. That’s why when to first roller coaster stopped, the other roller coaster came not far behind and collided with the other coaster. To prevent this they should time the intervals better than how the did because, if they had the intervals time perfectly, they definitely would not have any problems to face because everything that could happen would already be anticipated.
The injury i was given fro my project is Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections.
They are similar but, they have a few differences. For example, vertebral artery dissection is a tear and the Carotid artery dissection is a separation. Basically, they both deal with the neck and brain, and the both cause less blood. A carotid artery dissection is a separation of layers of the artery wall which supplies blood to the brain. It is one of the leading causes of strokes in young people.Symptoms include headaches, neck and face pains (especially pain around the eyes), vision disturbances such as double vision or a droopy eyelid, a sudden decrease in sense of taste and weakness on one side of the body. A vertebral artery dissection is a flap like tear which is located in the vertebral artery (neck). It is also what supplies blood to the head. When the tear occurs it starts to create blood clots, which can cause the artery wall to thicken and eventually cause the
Chambers 7
blood flow in the head to slow down. This can easily cause the person to have a blackout because of the lack of oxygen and blood to the brain. The symptoms of this includes head and neck pain, and it also causes …show more content…
stroke symptoms such as, difficulty speaking, impaired coordination, and visual loss.You can gets these injuries not by only roller coasters and various rides but also by doing simple everyday activities such as, cracking your neck, playing sports, riding your bike, yoga, various dancing moves, aggressive sexual intercourse and doing exercises like running on a treadmill, lifting weights, and using the exercise bikes. This shows us that we don 't have to do extreme things to get near death injuries.Just simple everyday activities can be potentially dangerous just like riding roller coasters, horseback riding, or mountain climbing. Certain medical conditions such as Marfan syndrome, a genetic connective tissue disease, can put individuals at risk for developing carotid artery dissection.
Carotid artery dissection in these patients is called “spontaneous,” because it occurs without trauma to the head or neck.
Now, i 'm going to use different case studies to show you an example of how people can get Carotid and Vertebral artery dissections and what they did to treat them and care for them to live. The case I am using is about a woman with no significant medical history who developed dissections of both carotid and both vertebral arteries,after a roller coaster ride. The 35yearold woman developed rightsided neck pain followed by a front headache immediately after a roller coaster ride. Five days after the incident happened, she developed complete loss of vision in her right eye for two
Chambers 8
hours straight.
Following that the vision improved but remained significantly decreased. When she went to the doctor, her vision was 20/200 in the right and 20/20 in the left eye. Her neurological exam was normal. The cerebral x ray showed both internal carotid and vertebral artery dissections. The woman remained stable with conservative therapy without further worsening of vision or any new neurological damages. Outcomes for arterial dissections are usually favorable, but early diagnosis is critical for initiation of appropriate treatment of possible complications. Physicians must know when patients say they have any headache or neck pain triggered by violent motion after leisure activities such as roller coaster rides, it could be an artery dissection.This was an perfect example of Carotid and Vertebral artery dissection. It shows that they both are nothing to easily treat or get over. If these injuries don 't get treated soon enough it can lead to an even worse injury or even death. They must be treated and it take time and patience to heal.
The engineers use a lot of physics to make calculations of how safe the roller coaster will be. Thats why it take the builders almost 2 or 3 months to build these massive roller coaster tracks. It is basically like a trial and error type of thing, they test drive the roller coaster cars on the track over and over. The engineers that are there they record every single detail about the roller coaster and the track. The calculate the mass, gravity, acceleration, velocity, and all other aspects and data of the roller coaster.
Once they test drive them and record all the data, they go and do the math. They do the formulas to calculate the gforces to make sure they are not harmful, they calculate the
Chambers 9
outside forces, the centripetal force, and all variables that may be able to affect or interfere with the roller coaster. They also take into hand the work, the friction, the potential energy moments and the kinetic energy moments.
There are a good amount of rules and regulations that should be put into action because they will definitely change these amusement parks for good. First off they should have to change the head and neck restraints on the roller coaster cars every 5 years. The wear and tear damage cause them to be redundant and not able to serve their purpose. Second, they should have tighter restraints on roller coasters because when they get older and used a lot over the years, the bolts and screws can easily become loose and lead to a restraint opening during the ride. Rules for the roller coasters should be more enforced because majority of the case studies I read have to do with people not following the rules set by the engineers and creators of the ride. The rule keep your head erect should be enforced a lot because when you don 't keep your neck straight you are more prone to injury and you won 't have any support to keep your neck from getting hurt.
There is always going to be the basic, common rules you have to always follow such as obeying the listed age, height, weight, and health restrictions, observing all of the posted ride safety rules, keeping both your hands, arms, legs and feet inside the ride at all times, remaining seated during the ride until it comes to a complete stop and you are instructed to exit, following all verbal instructions given by ride operators or said
Chambers 10
by recorded announcements, always using the safety equipment that is provided and never attempting to wriggle free of or loosen restraints or other safety devices, making sure that parents that have young children should make sure that their children can understand the safe and appropriate ride behavior, never forcing anyone, especially children, to ride the attractions they don’t want to ride , and last but not least, if you see any unsafe behavior or condition on a ride, report it to a supervisor or manager immediately. All these rules has kept roller coasters safe and fun at amusement parks for years. Most of these rules are basically regular procedures to tell the group of riders that are riding because it makes the people that own the roller coaster park or amusement park not as liable for the injuries of the death. Also, they use these roller coaster rules because if they don 't show their roller coaster rules and warnings, they can get in trouble with the roller coaster inspectors and the roller coaster associations.
Many people think roller coasters are dangerous and you can die from them easily but there are actually built to be safe for the people to enjoy. The effects of these roller coasters are the same effects you face almost everyday. They make you dizzy, lightheaded, causes high blood pressure, and increases your heart rate. These same sensations can be felt by simply exercising or playing sports. These engineers take the time to make the roller coasters safer than everyday life. They use physics to perfect the calculations of the roller coasters, so, they can be fast and thrilling but, also safe and healthy for the riders that are riding. They take gravity, force, mass, acceleration, force, velocity, potential energy, and kinetic energy.Students explore the most basic physical principles of roller coasters, which are crucial to the initial design process for engineers
Chambers 11
building roller coasters.
They use all of the possibilities and limitations of roller coasters with the of energy conservation, frictional losses, and other physical principles. After the calculations, engineers can definitely be able to analyze the motion of any existing gravitydriven coaster and design their own roller coasters.
Works Cited Harris, Tom. "How Roller Coasters Work."
HowStuffWorks
. Discovery, 9 Aug. 2007.
Web. 13 July 2013. Lascelles, Karine P. "An Unexpected Consequence of a Roller Coaster Ride."
Lascelles Et Al. 71 (5): 704
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