Preview

Cell Physiology Study Guide

Good Essays
Open Document
Open Document
3842 Words
Grammar
Grammar
Plagiarism
Plagiarism
Writing
Writing
Score
Score
Cell Physiology Study Guide
1
Study Guide for Lectures 8/24, 8/26, 8/31, and 9/2 Note: It is highly suggested that you reference the figures/figure legends shown in class to further help you understand class material. The Genome Project (~92% complete): • 20,000-28,000 genes in the human genome o The genome was found using a shotgun sequence. o 10% of the genome is Long Intersperse Nuclear Elements (=LINEs). This leaves the questions as to which part of the genome are LINEs?  80,000-120,000 proteins in a cell.  200,000-2,000,000 peptides in a cell. o Ex: Insulin A paper looked at 30% of the genome at 5 nucleotide resolutions and found:  In terms of transcripts (mRNA) may not have a poly-A tail.  43.7% of transcripts never had a poly-A tail.  36.9% of transcripts had the poly-A tail removed.  19.4% of transcripts have a poly-A tail.  Only 30% of mRNA associated with ribosome had a poly-A tail. Splicing: ~80% of human multi-exon genes have a splice variant. Moonlighting Proteins: term used to describe a protein that has more than one job. Ex: protein used in intermediate metabolism and mRNA destruction. Ornithine 1. 2. 3. 4. Decarboxylase (ODC) Short half-life ODC catalyzes the decarboxylation of Ornithine, which results in a polyamine. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme is a Ornithine Decarboxylase inhibitor. Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme expression requires that ribosomes shift from the first open reading frame to a second opening reading frame. This shift is stimulated by polyamines.

Covalent Modifications or Post-Translational Modifications: • There are at least 200 known post-translational modifications. Ex: Phosphorylation

What does water do in a cell? (Panels 2-2; 2-3)
   Water solvates proteins. Water forms hydration shells and exerts pressure on protein and lipids. It also helps determine protein structure, because otherwise the protein would unfold. Water and hydrogen bonds give more force. The force changes as it interacts with other molecules on a

You May Also Find These Documents Helpful

  • Good Essays

    The apoplast is important for all the plant's interaction with its environment. The main carbon source (carbon dioxide) needs to be solubilized in the apoplast before it is taken up by chloroplasts and consumed during photosynthesis. In the roots, ions diffuse into the apoplast of the epidermis before being taken up into the symplast by specific ion channels and being pulled by the plant's transpiration stream, which also occurs completely within the boundaries of the apoplast. Similarly, all gaseous molecules emitted and received by plants such as plant hormones and other pheromones must pass the apoplast. The apoplast is also a site for cell-to-cell communication. During local oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion can diffuse through the apoplast and transport a warning signal to neighboring cells. In addition, a local alkalinization of the apoplast due to such a stress can travel within minutes…

    • 578 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Nt1310 Final Exam

    • 1248 Words
    • 5 Pages

    “Proteins are often modified AFTER translation. Give examples (3) of these processes. Include in you answer a reason for the modification or its role.”…

    • 1248 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    * What is valence? What is the valence of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen? This information will not be given to you on the exam and therefore you must know this!…

    • 1628 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    | Used in the structure, storage, movement and transport of cells for growth and repair.…

    • 2054 Words
    • 9 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Ap Bio Study Guide

    • 4984 Words
    • 20 Pages

    Once glucose is made, glucose molecules can be converted (by plants) to… 1) monosaccharides, like fructose 2) Disaccharides a. Maltose (glu‐glu) seeds b. Sucrose (glu‐fru) sugar cane, sugar beets 3) Polysaccharides a. Starch, food storage in roots (chains of glucose) b. Cellulose, plant structure (chains of glucose) 4) Amino Acids a. Glucose + N from ground 5) Lipids, specifically oils which are energy source in seeds & phospholipids found in membranes 6) Nucleic Acids a. Glucose + N + P from the ground Animals make some molecules unique to them 1) Galactose (monosaccharide) from glucose 2) Lactose (disaccharide) Glu‐Gal found in milk 3) Solid lipids (not oils) solid at room temperature 4) Glycogen‐ chains of glucose used for energy storage Synthesizing Polymers 1) Dehydration synthesis a. monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This process is carried out by losing (‐OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer. The two unstable monomers join together, and the (‐OH) and (H) combine forming water (H2O) Taking Polymers Apart 1) Hydrolysis a. Adding H2O so that OH and H can be restored…

    • 4984 Words
    • 20 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    AP Biology Study Guide

    • 455 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Properties of water (+H-O+O) 1. Polar Molecule-Opposite ends attract 2. High Heat Capacity-Bonds break at high temp 3. Cohesive- Water attracts water 4. Solvent- Ability to dissolve 5.…

    • 455 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Powerful Essays

    parietal lobe- this region receives and processes information from the generalized body senses like touch and body position…

    • 1649 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Powerful Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Did the two mutations result in a change in the final proteins? If so, describe the change.…

    • 438 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Good Essays

    Bimm 101 Notes

    • 647 Words
    • 3 Pages

    - In eukaryotes, DNA -> (txn) precursor mRNA -> splicing introns -> mature mRNA -> proteins…

    • 647 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Good Essays

    Hominid – more narrow meaning; confined to those twigs of the evolutionary tree that are more colosed related to us than any other species…

    • 1115 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Good Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    The following are examples of frequently missed questions from the unit exams. The questions are similar in theme to the ones missed however were taken from blackboard and are not exactly worded like the exam questions. They are meant to act as a study guide only. Please do not have the misconception that these questions will be the exact questions on the final.…

    • 1748 Words
    • 7 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Uses of Sponges-possess no symmetry and take on a variety of shapes. They've got 2 layers of cells that are separated by a thin, jellylike substance. Outer layer-epidermis, and jellylike substance-mesenchyme.…

    • 328 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Practice Qs

    • 559 Words
    • 3 Pages

    Having a large percentage of the genome coding for genes makes humans more complicated than other organisms A. True B. False 6. The field that is concerned with the management and analysis of biological data using computers A. statistics B. genomics C. bioinformatics D. proteomics 7. Which of the following RNA codes for a protein A. mRNA B. tRNA C. ncRNA D. rRNA E. All of the above 8.…

    • 559 Words
    • 3 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Glycolysis is where glucose is split into two molecules of 3-carbon sugars. This produces 2ATP, 2 pyruvic acid, and 2 high energy. In The Citric Acid Cycle, Acetyl CoA is created. NAD and FAD are reduced carrying the high energy electrons to the next stage. In the Electron Transport, high energy electrons are passed to oxygen where ATP is then produced.…

    • 286 Words
    • 2 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays
  • Satisfactory Essays

    Biology Study guide

    • 1096 Words
    • 5 Pages

    Proteins that bind to DNA and turn on operons by making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to a promoter are called…

    • 1096 Words
    • 5 Pages
    Satisfactory Essays

Related Topics